Hartmut Zänder

About me:

Hello world, my name is Hartmut Zänder and I'm a painter from Cologne, Germany. This site is dedicated to art, genetics and especially my own mitochondrial haklogroup K. Mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroup K was one of the first defined european Haplogroups. It is mainly defined by HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C, but all members of K virtually bear also 16519C and HVR2 mutations 073G, 263G, and 315.1C. It has undergone a lot of different interpretations until now, and still some questions remain open. Several research projects have cleared meanwhile, that Hg K is a subhaplogroup of U and could be regarded as U8c. Hg U is one of the most widespread and interesting haplogroups. Shortly after the "Out of Africa" episode, not quite 70.000 years before present, superhaplogroups N and M arose on a south coastal route along the arabian peninsula and spread around India, together with parts of N's daughterclade R and some unknown lost Hg’s, both to South-east-asia and Australia and later north to China. Somewhere around nowadays Pakistan groups separated and oriented themself westward, roamed through ancient Persia, Irak, Turkey and south into the Levante. There was no Hg M, only N1 and N2, a little bit of R and soon Hg U at about 55.000 years before present. The first subclades are U5, going as Cromagnons northwest into Europe and U2, mostly spreading all around India, apart from U2e, which stayed in the east-west-corridor. Still before 50.000 U8 arose, the motherclade for U8a, U8b and our haplogroup K, which all soon followed. The Basques have the most ancestral phylogeny in Europe for the rare mitochondrial subhaplogroup U8a. Probably, they all coalesced in West Asia and took like U5 an european route of entrance. One group of U went east and became the typically indian hg U7. In the Levante hg U6 went together with X1 and the backmigrated M1 into northafrica to found the Daggan culture. The north of Europe was conquered by U4, together with Hg’s I and W, subclades of N. Hg U1 and U3 mainly remained in westasia. Hg K probably was part of the backdrawing into the iberian, tuskanian and ukrainian refugia. From 15000 ybp on they expanded to repopulate central Europe after the last iceage. The newer Hg U5b1b for instance can now be found both in Finland and Marocco. 5300 years bp Ötzi, the tyrolean iceman, belonged to a meanwhile extinguished subclade of K, called K1ö. From the same time there has been found the skeletons of a 35 year old woman in Segudet, Andorra. Today, Hg K is found at low rates of 3 – 6 % throughout europe, the near-east and north-africa with much higher percentages in the south-caucasus and west-iran, its probable origin. Higher peaks are also reached in the religious community of the Druze all over the Levante and the big group of Ashkenasim, forced in the 12th century by europeen antisemitism to backdraw eastward, growing from 25000 in the beginning in the rhinevalley to more than 8 million today. 32% of all Ashkenasim belong to Hg K, namely to the typical subclades K1a1b1a, K1a9 and K2a2a. some links, concerning Hg K:
John S. Walden at: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jswdna/mtdna.html
Ian Logan http://www.ilbg18230.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/discussion/hap_K.htm
Behar et al, Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(4): e2062, 2008.
http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/43026_Doron.pdf
Behar et al, mtDNA Evidence for a Genetic Bottleneck in the Early History of the Askenazi Jewish Population. European Journal of Human Genetics (2004), 1-10.
Behar et al, The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:000-000, 2006.
Finnila, et al., from 2001 using Finnish samples has charts based on HVR1/2 and full sequences. See: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v68n6/002593/002593.text.html
Palanichamy, et al.,: http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Palani_2004.pdf
Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, Behar DM, Sayar H, Scozzari R, Rengo C, Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Coppa A, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Tyler-Smith C, Qasim Mehdi S, Torroni A, McElreavey K: Where west meets east: The complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and central Asian corridor.
Alzualde A, Izaguirre N, Alonso S, Alonso A, Albarr·n C, Azkarate A, De la R˙a C: Insights into the "isolation" of the Basques: mtDNA lineages from the historical site of Aldaieta (6)thñ7th c. AD).