About me:
41.-the use of drugs like magic mushrooms and heroin is forbidden,& as to the nature of the origins to these choices in recreational society socailizing our question is real,even though heroin is man made,and the mushrooms grow naterally in the soil in the ground,the reason for these narcotics being forbidden,is because in our culture of most societys on earth in general terms always lead to trouble,and there for play an important part for in all nations today,
and nines times of ten guess it involves crime and is thief of the mind,{?+|_<:_3 <>*^:No country is as identified with vampires as Romania. A land of rich folklore concerning vampires, its reputation was really established Bram Stoker whose novel Dracula began and ended in Transylvania. Though at the time Transylvania was a part of Hungary , it is now a part of Romania. Recent scholarship has confirmed that one of the sources from which Stoker created Dracula was Vlad the Impaler, a fifteenth-century prince of Wallachia, a section of modern Romania that lies south of the Carpathian Mountains.
Stoker derived much of his knowledge of Transylvania, where he located Castle Dracula, from Emily Gerard's The Land Beyond the Forest (1888). Gerard was a Scottish woman who had married a Polish officer serving the Austrian army. As a brigade commander, he was stationed in Transylvania in the 1880s. The couple resided in Sibiu and Brasov. In describing the several supernatural entities encountered in her research on practices surrounding death, she wrote:
More decidedly evil is the nosferatu, or vampire, in which every Roumanian peasant believes as firmly as he does in heaven or hell. There are two sorts of vampires, living and dead. The living vampire is generally the illegitimate offspring of two illegitimate persons; but even a flawless pedigree will not insure any one against the intrusion of a vampire into the family vault, since every person killed by a nosferatu becomes likewise a vampire after death, and will continue to suck the blood of other innocent persons till the spirit has been exorcised by opening the grave of the suspected person, and either driving a stake through the corpse, or else firing a pistol- shot into the coffin. To walk smoking around the grave on each anniversary of the death is also supposed to be effective in confining the vampire. In very obstinate cases of vampirism it is recommended to cut off the head, and replace it in the coffin with the mouth filled with garlic, or to extract the heart and burn it, strewing its ashes over the grave. (p. 185)
Romanian concepts concerning the vampire are strongly related to folk beliefs of the Slavic vampire in general, though the Romanians, in spite of being largely surrounded by Slavic peoples are not themselves Slavic. Romanians locate their origins in ancient Dacia, a Roman province that emerged in Transylvania and the surrounding territories after Trajan's capture of the land in the second century A.D. He also brought in thousands of colonists in the sparsely settled area. As the colonists and the indigenous people intermarried, a new ethnic community was born. This new community spoke a form of Latin-the basis for modern Romanian. Their subsequent history, especially over the next century is a matter of great controversy between Romanians and their neighbors, a controversy difficult to resolve due to the paucity of archeological evidence.
Following the abandonment of the territory at the end of the third century, Transylvania became the target of various invaders, including the early Slavic tribes. In the seventh-century it was absorbed into the Bulgar Empire. Though some Romanians had become Christians as early as the fourth century, the systematic conversion of the land began in the ninth-century soon after the conversion of the Bulgarians under the brothers Cyril and Methodius. The Romanian church eventually aligned itself to Eastern Orthodoxy under Bulgarian episcopal authority.
At the end of the tenth century, the Magyars (present-day Hungarians) included Transylvania in their expanding kingdom. The Hungarians were Roman Catholics, and they imposed their faith in the newly conquered land. They also encouraged immigration by, among others, the Szekleys , a branch of Magyars, and Germans. During the thirteenth century, seizing upon a moment of weakened Hungarian authority in Transylvania, a number of Romanian Transylvanians migrated eastward and southward over the Carpathian Mountains found the kingdoms of Moldavia and Wallachia. An Eastern Orthodox bishop was established a century later in Wallachia. From that time to the present day, Transylvania would be an item of contention between Hungary and Wallachia (which grew into the present-day Romania). Ecclesiastically, both Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox would compete for the faith of the people.
No sooner had Wallachia and Moldavia been established than a new force arose in the area. The Ottoman Empire expanded into the Balkans and began the steady march across the peninsula that would carry it to the very gates of Vienna in the early sixteenth century. During the fourteenth-century Hungary and the Turks vied for hegemony in Wallachia, thus providing a context for a prince of Wallachia by the name of Vlad to travel to the court of the Emperor Sigismund where he would join the Order of the Dragon, pledged to defend Christian lands against the invading Muslims. The Wallachian prince would become known as Vlad Dracul (1390?-1447). He in turn would be succeeded by his son, Vlad the Impaler (1431?-1476), known as Dracula. Vlad the Impaler is remembered today in Romania as a great patriot and a key person in the development of the Romanian nation. After Vlad's death, Wallachia fell increasingly under Turkish hegemony, and Moldavia soon followed suit. Through the 1530s the Turkish army moved through Transylvania to conquer the Hungarian capital in 1541. The remainder of the Hungarian land fell under the control of the Austrian Hapsburg empire. The incorporation of the Romanian kingdoms into the Turkish empire allowed a degree of religious freedom, and Protestantism made a number of inroads, particularly in Transylvania. Contemporary scholars have emphasized that none of the vampire legends from Romania or the surrounding countries portray Vlad the Impaler as a vampire. In the German and some Slavic manuscripts, Vlad's cruelty and his identification as Dracula and devil was emphasized, however, Dracula as a vampire was a modern literary creation.
In the seventeenth century, the Hapsburgs began to drive the Ottomans from Europe, and by the end of the century assumed dominance of Transylvania and began to impose a Roman Catholic establishment. Transylvania remained a semiautonomous region until 1863 when it was formally unified with Hungary. For over a century Moldavia survived amid Russians, Greeks, and Turks, each fighting for control until a united Romania came into existence in 1861. Through a series of annexations at the beginning and end of World War I, including that of Transylvania in 1920, Romania, in roughly its present size, came into existence. The Romanian majority exists side-by-side with a significant Hungarian minority in Transylvania, and the Romanian Orthodox Church competes with a strong Roman Catholic and persistent Protestant presence.
The Vampire in Romania: The Romanian vampire, in spite of the distinct ethnic origin of the Romanians, is a variation of the Slavic vampire. However, like the vampire in each of the other Slavic regions, the vampire in Romania has acquired some distinguishing elements. That distinctiveness begins with the major term used to label vampires, as found by Harry Senn in his field work in the 1970s. Strigoi (female, strigoaica) is closely related to the Romanian word striga (a witch), which in turn was derived from the Latin strix, the word for a screech owl that was extended to refer to a demon that attacked children at night. A second term, moroi (female, moroaica), also spelled murony in older sources, seems to be the common term in Wallachia, as strigoi is in Transylvania. The Romanians also distinguish between the strigoi vii (plural, strigoi), or live vampire, and the strigoi mort (plural, stigoi morti), or dead vampire. The strigoi vii are witches who are destined to become vampires after death and who can send out their souls and/or bodies at night to cavort with the strigoi mort. The live vampires tend to merge in thought with the striga (witches), who have the power to send their spirits and bodies to meet at night with other witches. The dead vampires are, of course, the reanimated bodies of the dead who return to life to disturb and suck the blood of their family, livestock, and-if unchecked-their neighbors.
The strigoi mort was a variation of the Slavic vampire, although the Romanians were not Slavs and used a Latin word to designate their vampire. The strigoi was discovered by an unusual occurrence either at their birth or death, and a living strigoi was a person who was born with either a caul or a little tail. A strigoi vii may become a strigoi mort, as well as other people who died irregularly by suicide or an accident.
Romanians also use the term vircolac, but almost exclusively to describe the old mythological wolflike creature who devoured the sun and moon. The closely related terms pricolici or tricolici were also wolves. Virolac is a variation of the Greek vrykolakas or the Serbo-Croatian vukodlak. Agnes Murgoci, who worked in Romania in the 1920s, found that they still connected the term with its pre-vampiric mythological meaning of a creature who devours the sun and moon. At times when the moon appears reddish, it was believed to be the blood of the vircolac flowing over the moon's face. More definitive work was pursued by Harry Senn in Transylvania in the 1970s. He found that popular use of the vircolac distinguished it from the strigoi. The term vircolac described a person who periodically changed into one of several animals, usually a pig, dog, or wolf. As such it was much closer to the popular concept of werewolves than vampires.
Nosferatu is an archaic Old Slavonic term apparently derived from nosufuratu, from the Greek nosophoros, "plague carrier." From the religious context, the word passed into popular usage. It has been variously and mistakenly cited as a Romanian word meaning either "undead" (Wolf) or the devil (Senn). Through the twentieth-century it seems to have dropped from use in Romania. Stoker's use of the term derived from Gerard. It was used by Freidrich Wilhelm Murnau in his attempt to disguise his movie, Nosferatu Eine Symphonie des Gareuns from Dracula. He tied the story to the great plague that hit Bremen, Germany , in 1838.
In Romania the vampire was believed to come into existence first and foremost as the product of an irregular birth, and any number of conditions have been reported that could predispose a person to become a vampire. Children born out of wedlock, born with a caul, or who died before baptism could become vampires. Pregnant women who did not eat salt or who have allowed themselves to be gazed upon by a vampire could bear a vampiric child. The seventh child of the same sex in one family was likely to have a tail and become a vampire.
Though children with an irregular birth were the prime candidates of vampirism, anyone could become a vampire if bitten by one. Other potential vampires included people who led wicked lives (including men who swore falsely), witches (who had relations with the devil), a corpse over whom a cat had jumped, or a person who committed suicide.
The presence of vampires was usually first noticed when several unexpected deaths in a family and/or of livestock followed the death of either a family member or of someone suspected of being a vampire. The vampire might, on occasion, appear to the family, and female vampires were known to return to their children. The home of a suspected vampire often was disturbed by the its' activity, either in throwing things around (poltergeist) or getting into the food supplies. The vampire would first attack the family and its livestock and then move on to others in the village. If not destroyed it might move on to more distant villages and even other countries, where it could reassume a normal role in society.
Vampires were especially active on the eve of St. George's Day (either April 23 or May 5), the day witches and vampires gathered at the edge of the villages to plan their nefarious activities for the next year. Villagers would take special precautions to ward off the influences of supernatural beings on that evening. Stoker's character Jonathan Harker made the last leg of his journey and finally arrived at Dracula's Castle on St. George's Eve. Vampires and witches were also active on St. Andrew's Day. St. Andrew was the patron of wolves and the donor of garlic. In many areas of Romania, vampires were believed to become most active on St. Andrew's Eve, continued to be active through the winter, and ceased their period of activity at Epiphany (in January), Easter, or St. George's Day.
St. George's Day was and is celebrated throughout much of Europe on April 23, hence the Eve of St. George's would be the evening of April 22. St. Andrew's day is November 11, and the eve immediately precedes it. Romania which was on the old Julian Calendar, was 12 days behind the modern Gregorian calendar. Thus in Stoker's day, St. George's Day would have been celebrated in Romania on what was the evening of May 4-5 in western Europe. Likewise, St. Andrew's Eve would have been the evening of November 23-24. The lag time between the Julian and our Gregorian calendar increases one day every century.
The grave of a suspected vampire would be examined for telltale signs. Often a small hole would be found in the ground near the tombstone, a hole by which the vampire could enter and leave the coffin. If there was reason to believe someone was a vampire, the grave was opened. Those opening the coffin would expect to find the corpse red in the face. Often the face would be turned downward and fresh blood on it or, on occasion, corn meal. One foot might have retracted into a corner of the coffin. Senn reported that a vampire in the community could be detected by distributing garlic at church and watching to see who did not eat.
It was the common practice of Romanians to open the graves of the deceased three years after the death of a child, four or five years after the death of a young person and seven years after an adult's death. Normally, only a skeleton would be found, which would be washed and returned to the grave. If, however, the body had not decayed, it was treated as if it were a vampire.
There were a wide variety of precautions that could be taken to prevent a person either from becoming a vampire or doing any damage if they did become one. A caul might be removed from the face of a newborn and quickly destroyed before it was eaten. Careful and exacting preparation of the body of the recently dead also prevented their becoming a vampire. The thorny branch of the wild rose might be placed in the tomb. Garlic was also very useful in driving away vampires. On St. Andrew's and St. George's Eve, the windows (and other openings of the house) were anointed with garlic, and the cows would be given a garlic rubdown.
Once the vampire was in the tomb, distaffs might be driven into the ground above the grave upon which the vampire would impale itself if it were to rise. On the anniversary of the death of a suspected vampire, the family walked around the grave.
Once a vampire began an attack on the community and its identity was discerned, the vampire had to be destroyed. Emily Gerard, author of The Land Beyond the Forest, found the emergence of a relatively new tradition in nineteenth-century reports in which a vampire might be killed by firing a bullet into the coffin The preferred method, however, was to drive a stake into the body, followed by decapitation, and the placing of garlic in the mouth prior to reburial. This method was adopted by Stoker in Dracula as a means of destroying the vampiric nature that had taken over Lucy Westenra's body. In Romania, the staking could be done with various materials, including iron or wood, and the stake was impaled either in the heart or the navel. Instead of decapitation, the body could also be turned face downward and reversed in the coffin. Millet seeds might be placed in the coffin to delay the vampire, who must first go through a lengthy process of eating the millet before rising from the grave.
An even more thorough process might be followed in the case of a vampire resistant to other preventive measures. The body might be taken from the grave to the woods and dismembered. First, the heart and liver were removed, and then piece by piece the body was burned. The ashes could then be mixed with water and given to afflicted family members as a curative for the vampire's attack.-=X
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forms.it is not,yet informeth all things.-now cometh the glory of the single one,as an imperfection and protection.-/but by the weak one the mother was equilibrated.also the purity was divided by strenth,the force of the demiurge.and the cross was formalted in the universe that as yet was not.-/but now the imperfection bcame manifest,presiding over the fading of perfection.-/also the women arose,and veiled the upper heaven with her body of starsnow then a giant arose,of terrible strenth,and asserted the spirit in a secret rite-/./-against him the brothers of the mleft-hand path,confusing the symbols.they concealed thier horror{in this symbol} ;for in truth they were-=..../;',.the masters of the flamed forth as a star and set a guard of water in every abyss./x
Optical Communications in Space - Twenty Years of ESA Effort
H.P. Lutz
Instrument Technology Division, ESA Technical and Operational Support Directorate, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
In summer 1977, ESA placed the first technological study contract in the domain of intersatellite optical links. Now, twenty years later, a major milestone has been reached with the SILEX laser terminals having been flight tested for integration with their host spacecraft. At the same time,in spacemen3 tv catastraphy,an
Introduction,into the journey in hand,1976.
Twenty years ago, in summer 1977, ESA placed a technological research contract for the assessment of modulators for high-data- rate laser links in space. This marked the beginning of a long and sustained ESA involvement in space optical communications. A large number of study contracts and preparatory hardware development followed, conducted under various ESA R&D and support technology programmes. In the mid- 1980's, ESA took an ambitious step by embarking on the SILEX (Semiconductor laser Intersatellite Link Experiment) programme, to demonstrate a pre-operational optical link in space.
SILEX, which will be in operation in the year 2000, has put ESA in a world-leading position in civilian optical intersatellite links. While SILEX formed the backbone of ESA's optical communications activities in the recent past, additional R&D activities were undertaken to develop attractive second-generation systems, particularly for the commercial satellite market. Indeed, at the turn of the century, literally thousands of intersatellite links - radio-frequency (RF) and optical - are expected to be in operation in commercial multi-satellite constellations providing mobile communications, video conferencing and multimedia services. The race is on for the European laser communication industry to enter this lucrative market. Optical technology offers too many advantages in terms of mass, power, system flexibility and cost, to leave the field entirely to RF. With the heritage of twenty years of technological preparation, European industry is well positioned to face this burgeoning demand for commercial laser terminals.
The early days
When ESA started to consider optics for intersatellite communications, virtually no component technology was available to support space system development. The available laser sources were rather bulky and primarily laboratory devices. ESA selected the CO2 gas laser for its initial work. This laser was the most efficient and reliable laser available at the time and Europe had a considerable background in CO2 laser technology for industrial applications. ESA undertook a detailed design study of a CO2 laser communication terminal and proceeded with the breadboarding of all critical subsystems which were integrated and tested in a complete laboratory breadboard transceiver model (Fig. 1).
model of CO2
Figure 1. Laboratory breadboard model of CO2 laser transceiver system
This laboratory system breadboarding enabled ESA to get acquainted with the intricacies of coherent, free-space optical communication. However, it soon became evident that the 10 micron CO2 laser was not the winning technology for use in space because of weight, lifetime and operational problems.
Towards the end of the 1970's, semiconductor diode lasers operating at room temperature became available, providing a very promising transmitter source for optical intersatellite links. In 1980, therefore, ESA placed the first studies to explore the potential of using this new device for intersatellite links. At the same time, the French national space agency, CNES, started to look into a laser-diode-based optical data-relay system called Pastel. This line of development was consequently followed and resulted in the decision, in 1985, to embark on the SILEX pre-operational, in-orbit optical link experiment.
The SILEX Phase A and B studies were conducted around 1985, followed by technology breadboarding and predevelopment of the main critical elements which were tested on the so-called 'System Test Bed' to verify the feasibility of SILEX. A detailed design phase was carried out in parallel with the System Test Bed activities up to July 1989. At that time, the development of SPOT-4 Phase C/D was agreed with an optical terminal as passenger. This was an important decision since it made a suitable partner satellite available for the ESA data-relay satellite project; the stage was therefore set to start the main SILEX development effort in October 1989.
In March 1997, a major milestone was reached in the SILEX programme: both terminals underwent a stringent environmental test programme and are now ready for integration with their host spacecraft. However, due to the agreed SPOT-4 and Artemis launch dates, it is likely that the in-orbit demonstration of the overall system will not start before mid-2000. Consequently, the GEO terminal will need to be stored after the completion of the spacecraft testing. The first host spacecraft (SPOT-4) is planned for launch in February 1998. The launch of Artemis on a Japanese H2A is delayed for non-technical reasons until February 2000. Apart from launching Artemis, Japan is participating in the SILEX programme with its own laser terminal, LUCE (Laser Utilizing Communications Equipment), to be carried onboard the Japanese OICETS satellite (Optical Inter-orbit Communications Engin-eering Test Satellite), set for launch in summer 2000.
Optical ground station on Tenerife
As part of the SILEX in-orbit check-out programme, ESA started to construct an optical ground station on the Canary Islands in 1993 (Fig. 2). This station, which will be completed by the end of 1997, simulates a LEO optical terminal using a 1 m telescope, allowing the performances of the GEO optical terminal on Artemis to be verified. The optical ground station will receive and evaluate the data transmitted from Artemis and will simultaneously transmit data at optical wavelengths towards Artemis. In addition to its primary objective as the SILEX in-orbit check-out facility, the optical ground station will also be used for space-debris tracking, lidar monitoring of the atmosphere and astronomical observations.
SILEX/Artemis Optical ground station
Figure 2. SILEX/Artemis Optical Ground Station on Tenerife, Canary Islands
Towards smaller optical user terminals
SILEX has been a vital developmental step for Europe since it will provide inflight testing of a pre-operational optical link in space. The programme has stimulated the development of many new space-qualified optical, electronic and mechanical equipment items and technologies which can now form a core for future optical terminals. However, with its mass of 157 kg and electrical power consumption of 150 W, SILEX is hardly an attractive alternative to an RF terminal of comparable transmission capability.
One must bear in mind that the SILEX terminal had to be dimensioned using the limited laser diode power available at the end of the 1980's, namely 60mW average power at 830 nm. The result was a 25 cm telescope aperture, both on the LEO and the GEO terminal (Fig. 3). Indeed, for reasons of design and equipment commonality, it was decided to have identical LEO and GEO terminals to save on overall programme cost. The large telescope diameter obviously puts very stringent requirements on the pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) subsystem and related components.
SILEX laser terminal
Figure 3. SILEX laser terminal
For an Inter-Orbit Link (IOL) user terminal to be attractive, it is important to keep mass, interface requirements to the host spacecraft and cost to a minimum. Realising this, and anticipating the need for small data-relay LEO user terminals, ESA launched a programme in January 1992 for the development and manufacturing of an elegant breadboard of a Small Optical User Terminal (SOUT). Working outside the SILEX programmatic constraints, the SOUT programme no longer had to consider identical LEO and GEO terminals but could concentrate on developing a truly asymmetric system using a smaller LEO transmitter with reduced constraints on the spacecraft. The SOUT terminal was specified for a data rate of 2 Mbps and was based on GaAlAs laser-diode technology with a SILEX-compatible wavelength and polarisation plan.
The SOUT terminal (Fig. 4) includes a number of innovative features.
Small optical user terminal
Figure 4. Small Optical User Terminal (SOUT)
After the successful completion of the SOUT programme, the UK supported the idea to adapt the SOUT terminal concept for low-data-rate cross links between two communication satellites in geostationary orbit. The name SOUT was changed to SOTT, the first 'T' standing for 'Telecommunication' instead of 'User'. A contract was awarded to Matra Marconi Space (UK) at the beginning of 1995 under the ARTES-4 partnership programme, which is 50% co-funded by industry, to study the changes that would be necessary to convert the SOUT terminal to the SOTT terminal. The communication capacity was increased with the help of Maser-Oscillator-Power-Amplifier (MOPA) laser diodes. Presently, the SOTT programme is still continuing but directed towards new market needs requiring a 1 Gbps data rate and GEO-GEO link distances up to 83 000 km, such as in the Hughes Spaceway system.
Coherent laser communication systems
In its search for smaller and more efficient laser terminals, ESA continued to investigate other advanced system concepts and technologies. Direct-detection, semiconductor laser-diode technology, as applied in SILEX, is appropriate for moderate-data-rate systems; however, there are physical limits to the achievable laser power and detector sensitivity. Optical direct detection receivers using state-of-the-art Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) require about 50 photons/bit to achieve a Bit Error Rate (BER) better than 10-6. On the other hand, coherent systems, based, for instance, on Nd-YAG laser radiation, are highly promising for high-data-rate systems. There is no principle restriction to the achievable laser power and detector sensitivity can almost reach the theoretical quantum limit. Since 1989, therefore, ESA has placed strong emphasis on the development of Nd-YAG laser-based coherent laser communication systems and related hardware technologies.
As part of this effort, two parallel system design studies were initiated in 1989 for the 'Design of a Diode-Pumped Nd:Host Laser Communication System'. Funding difficulties within the ESA ASTP-4 programme prevented a full hardware implementation of such terminals, but a number of critical technology elements were breadboarded and tested, including a diode-pumped Nd-YAG laser, a multi-channel coherent optical receiver and an electro-optic phase modulator (Fig. 5). Initially, Germany and Italy were primarily supporting this work; Italy subsequently withdrew and Germany continued the activities under the German national SOLACOS (Solid State LAser Communications in Space) programme.
phase modulator for Nd-YAG
Figure 5. Phase modulator for Nd-YAG laser radiation
The coherent Nd-YAG laser communication effort also stimulated the investigation of advanced concepts such as optical amplifiers in fibre-optic and/or semiconductor technology and the possibility of synthesising the input/output aperture of the terminal with the help of an array of smaller sub-apertures, coherently coupled together. Optical phased arrays provide laser communication systems with the inertia-free and hence ultra-fast, beam scanning ability needed for accurate beam pointing, efficient area scanning and reliable link tracking in the presence of spacecraft attitude jitter. The feasibility and efficiency of this concept has been demonstrated, and an optical phased array with 16 telescope subapertures of 3-cm diameter is presently in development, along with an integrated-optics phase control unit (Fig. 6a,b).
schematic optical phased array
Figure 6a. Schematic of the optical phased array
16-telescope front-end unit
Figure 6b. Demonstrator model of the 16-telescope front-end unit
Laser terminals for commercial systems
Up to the early 1990's, ESA's optical communication activities were dominated by the data-relay scenario. Over time, however, some potential future users of a data-relay service disappeared and the interest in a near-term development of second-generation user terminals dropped considerably. On the other hand, a new class of potential users of optical intersatellite links emerged with the intended deployment of extensive satellite networks for mobile communications and interactive multimedia services.
Driven by these new perspectives, ESA started internal studies in 1991 to investigate possible design solutions for the compact laser terminals potentially needed by such commercial satellite constellations. One of the initial results was MOMOT, the Monolithic Mini Optical Terminal. The MOMOT optical head is essentially a monolithic glass block which fully compensates for thermal expansion effects and supports all optical and electro-optical elements. By using novel diffractive optical technologies and advanced principles of microsystem design, a very compact and lightweight design became feasible (Fig. 7).
MOMOT
Figure 7. Monolithic Mini Optical Terminal (MOMOT)
In April 1996, ESA placed a contract with an industrial team led by Oerlikon-Contraves Space (CH) for the design, realisation and testing of a demonstrator of a compact and lightweight optical terminal for short-range intersatellite links (SROIL). To be responsive to the projected market opportunities, the SROIL terminal was required to be capable of servicing the following mission classes:
* cross links between low-Earth-orbiting satellites in global satellite networks for mobile communication (IRIDIUM) and fixed-station data highways (Teledesic), such those depicted in Fig. 8
* cross links between co-located telecommunication satellites in geostationary orbit
* cross links between widely spaced geostationary satellites as proposed in ESA's On-Board Processing System or in the Spaceway system from Hughes.
LEO satellite constellations LEO satellite constellations
Figure 8. Examples of commercial LEO satellite constellations: Iridium (66 satellites), Teledesic (840 satellites)
Considering the huge number of satellites involved in some of these configurations (e.g. 840 satellites for Teledesic, each carrying 8 ISL terminals), the cost issue becomes a dominant factor. To be attractive for these systems, optical ISL terminals, like SROIL, will have to be made very compact and robust, and be designed for mass production.
Following a Critical Design Review held in March 1997, go-ahead was given to produce a demonstration model of the SROIL terminal by summer 1998. To achieve ultimate system miniaturisation, highest transmit data rates and sufficient growth potential to also comply with extended link ranges, the SROIL terminal was designed using a laser-diode pumped Nd-YAG laser transmitter in conjunction with a coherent detection receiver. A two-axis pointing assembly in front of the 3.5 cm aperture telescope allows the SROIL terminal to achieve almost full hemispherical pointing (Fig. 9). The communication subsystem is designed as a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) homodyne system for a data rate of 1.5 Gbps. Due to the homodyne detection scheme the communication signal is recovered at baseband, which considerably simplifies the communications electronics design.
SROIL
Figure 9. Mock-up of Short-Range Optical Intersatellite Link (SROIL) terminal
The terminal consists of two units, the optical head and the electronics unit. The optical head comprises the optics unit (Fig. 10) with beam forming optics, the laser unit, the actuators and sensors of the PAT subsystem, and some related electronics. The electronics unit comprises the PAT processor, the terminal controller, the communication electronics and the DC/DC converter.
optical subassembly of SROIL terminal
Figure 10. Optical subassembly of SROIL terminal
Today, the problem of acceptance of optical free-space communication in the commercial payload market is not so much a technical one but rather the lack of its convincing in-orbit demonstration to the commercial satellite communications community. Consequently, various scenarios for a potential in-orbit demonstration are currently being studied as part of the SROIL contract.
Conclusion
Twenty years of technology endeavours, sponsored by ESA and other European space agencies, has put Europe in a leading position in the domain of space laser communications. The most visible result of this effort is SILEX, the world's first launch-ready civilian laser communication system. With this vast technological base at hand, European industry is well prepared to face the challenge of meeting the current demands for optical intersatellite links in the emerging multimedia, Global Information Infrastructure (GII) satcom market. The question that remains is primarily one of how space industry is able to adapt its practices and put the required resources into place. The shear number of terminals required, and the short times to market involved, will call for a paradigm shift in the way space products are manufactured. Old methods of space hardware design and qualification will have to be replaced by production-oriented, commercial manufacturing practices, with designed-in rather than tested-in quality and reliability. x=/@!<?*^..`
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Who I'd like to meet:
The Foundation of the Work.
The operator of this,it is found that It is not needful to remain pure [or chaste] in this work, It is important that whoever does
this work takes the time to remove all obstacles which may interfere with the completion of
the work; this is very important - for, if you cannot do the work in its entirety it is better
never to commence.
The Instruments of the Art.
The instruments of this Art are few, but must be acquired before you begin the convocations
of the spirits. These appurtenances may be constructed by the hands of the operator, or
bought before the initiation of the experiments. In either case, the instruments should be
consecrated as to dedicate their use for the assistance in this operation. The instruments are as
follows.
The configuration of the Temple.
The magic Circle & Triangle of the Art.
The circle is to measure nine feet across. It may to be inscribed for either permanent or for
temporary use, and is to be adorned with these Names of God:
The triangle is to measure nine feet in equal measurement, thus nine feet in circumferance.
It is to be set down for either permanent or temporary use, as we have said before.
The magical Weapons & Tools of the Art.
The Book:
It is agreeable to find a pen or quill which can be used for the time of working which you
perform. The book is to be used to keep a record of the magick Actions and the prayers,
invocations, rituals or sigils you will use in this operation. The book should be new,
uninscribed by anyone else and should be consecrated for use as we have said.
The Wand or Rod:
This should be crafted from rosewood or cedar and should measure half the length of your
arm. It is to be used to trace the sigils of the Quarters which will be given in the second part
of this monograph. It is to be marked with the Names of God which the angels will give you
in the circle.
The magical Knife:
The knife must be new and sharp enough to cut easily, for this is to be its purpose. Its blade
should be no
more than nine inches long and may be inscribed with these names:jinx-d
The ceremonial Robe:@futurestate,. The robe may be fashioned with a hood and should be no longer than
your sleeves should be of silk,which should be no longer than your wrists. An emblem may
be appropriate to some Actions and asthey are the trems of your beat, these will be
given to you by God through his ministering angels.phuturestates alive:
The Censur and Suffumigations:
The types of perfumes and incenses and their qualities or purposes have been described in
many other books on the Royal Art of Magick, some falsely so and others truely. Here
follows a list of the incenses and perfumes which may be used and their practical associations
in this work:
The Incenses:
Myrrh Saturnus
Saffron Jupiter
Sulfur Mars
Olibanum Sol
Benzion Venus
Storax Mercurius
Jasmine Luna
Dittany of Crete Terra
The Aspersion Bowl:
This is to be filled with clear water and blessed and is to be used in the consecration of the
temple,weapons and tools of this work. It should never have been used for eating or any other
purpose. As the operator of the aspersion exalts the water in prayers and blessings and then
brings it low in aspersion, so does our Creator sanctify and bless the rain which begins by the
Sun's days over the seas.
The names of the servitors of the Qliphothic rulers are expressed as the Name of their ruler
given in extensio, each Name being the seed of a name of a subservient Order; thus Thamiel
(ThAMAL) is served by Thadekiel, Abraxiel, Mahaziel, Azazael and Lufugiel and the rest of
the crowns likewise in the same manner. The relationship between the Archdaemons and the
Qliphoth is that the Qliphoth rule on earth in temporal form and the Archdaemons rule the
earth in a transcendent manner. One is visible and the other invisible. The invisible can be
compelled to appear in divers shapes; as we will find out. Both the Archdaemons and the
Qliphoth are entirely evil and are only to be overcome by the aid of celestial powers
and virtues, both visible and invisible, and so the pious man will have nothing to fear from
these 'intelligences' but the unwise and impious man may already be the victim of their
assaults. The sustenance of these powers Infernal is fear and hence, if the magician is without
fear these enemies of the Human race can have no power. The Archdaemons and Qliphoth
rely not on the existance of GOD to incarnate, but the denial of the existence of GOD - only
through willingly renouncing the Truth, the Living GOD or right action can these Spirits
bring a Human being to ruin.
The Qliphoth and their Servitors:
Mars- GAM
NOTICE AND WARNING:
*. Each of these orders rule 490 leagues of Spirits except those ruled by Tagaririm,
whose dominion is sevenfold that of the others,
the fallen Restriction of the universe, the Rays of the coils of the stooping Dragon. Eleven are
their classes, yet Ten are they called. Seven are the Heads, yet an Eighth ariseth. Seven are
the Infernal Palaces, yet do they include Ten.
In the Tree of Life, by the Waters of the River, in the Garden of Wisdom, is the Serpent of
the Paths; it is the Serpent in the Celestial Eden. But the Serpent of the Temptation is that of
the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, the antithesis and opposer of the other: the Red
coiled Stooping Dragon of the Apocalypse, the Serpent of the Terrestrial Eden. Regard thou
therefore the Celestial Serpent, as of Brass, glistening with Green and Gold, the Color of
Vegetation and of growth: banish thou therefore the Evil and seek the Good. For as Moses
lifted up the Serpent in the Wilderness, even so must the Son of Adam be lifted up,
raised through the balance of strife and of trial, through the Pathway of Eternal Life. And
when, like our Master, thou art extended on that Tree, through suffering and through pain, let
thy countenance be raised up towards the Light of the Holy One to invoke the Divine
Brightness, not for thyself, but for those who have not yet attained to the Pathways, even
though they be thy tormentors.
Balanced between the Spiritual and the Material, the type of Reconciler, remember the
symbol of the Brazen Serpent. Mark thou well the difference between the two serpents, for
before the Serpent of Brass of Numbers, the Serpent of Fire could not stand. But at the Fall,
the Serpent of Evil arising in the Tree surrounded Malkuth, and linked her thus into the outer
and the Qliphoth, for this is the Sin of the Fall, even the separation of the Material Plane from
the Sephiroth through the interposition of the Coils of the Stooping Dragon. Thus, therefore,
must Malkuth be cleansed, and this is the Redemption to come. For
also Christ expiated not Sin till after he had overcome the Temptation. But surely all things
in the Creation are necessary, seeing that one existeth not without the other, and the Evil also
helpeth the Work, for thus the greater and more intense the Darkness, by so much more doth
the Light become bright by Contrast and draweth, as it were, increased force from the
Blackness.
The Infernal Habitations
In the Circle are the Waters of Tears, in the second Circle are the Waters of Creation, in the
third Circle are the Waters of the Ocean, in the fourth Circle is the False Sea. Upon the right
hand in the lesser circles are names of the Seven Earths:, a form compounded of a serpent and a woman, and she rideth upon a serpent
scorpion;
and Lilith,
To these four (Babel, Jonia, Media, Edom) are attributed four Kingdoms.
1. Bairiron - So called because they are derived from the Fourth Evil, namely Samael,
the Black.
12. Neshimiron - Whose colors are of a stagnant gleaming, watery hue, and their forms
like hideous women, almost skeletons, united to the bodies of serpents and fishes.
In the midst of the circle are placed Samael and Asmodai. The symbolic form of the former is
somewhat like that of the Devil of the Tarot, but colossal and attenuated; that of Asmodai is
as a bloated, bestial man, but in a crouching position. At the South-East Angle are placed the
Evil Adam, a goat-headed skeleton-like giant; and a thousand- headed Hydra Serpent; everchanging
and distorted countenance. At the North-East Angle is Aggerath, the daughter of
Machalath, a fiendish witch with serpent hair enthroned in a chariot drawn by an Ox and an
Ass. At the North-West Angle is a gigantic Scorpion with a fearful
countenance, but standing upright as it were, and formed of putrefying water. After him
cometh the Un-nameable One (Abaddon) and his appearance and symbol is that of a closelyveiled
Black gigantic figure, covered with whirling wheels and in his hand is a vast wheel
whence issue as it whirls, multitudes of cat-like demons. Behind cometh Maamah like a
crouching woman with an animalÕs body, crawling along the ground and eating the earth.
And at the South-East Angle are the winged lion and a winged horse drawing in a chariot the
younger Lilith, the wife of Asmodai. She is dark, a woman to the waist and a man
below it, and she appears as dragging down with her hands small figures of men into Hell.
Of the Three Evil Forces behind Samael
The first is Qematriel, whose form is that of a vast black, man-headed Dragon-serpent,
and he united under him the force of Kether of the Infernal and averse Sephiroth.
The second, a black, bloated Man-dragon, Belial, he denieth a God; and he uniteth the
forces of the averse Chokmah.
The third is Othiel or Gothiel, a black, bloated Man-insect, horrible of aspect, his breth
greater than his length: and he uniteth the force of the averse Binah.
The fourth form is Samael the Black. All these are of gigantic nature and terrible
aspect.
The Evil and Averse Sephiroth
These be the Evil and averse Sephiroth contined in the Seven Evil Palaces, and these
Sephiroth have their place from behind the holiness of the World of Assiah. And Samael the
Evil surroundeth the whole Evil
Sephiroth who are thus Eleven instead of Ten. There are eleven letters in the word
Ôlieutenant GovernorsÕ: Esther IX.3; eleven days from Horeb, Deut. I.2; the word ÔwhereÕ
in Deut. XXXII.37 is in value eleven; eleven were the curses of Ebal; eleven were the Dukes
of Edom, etc. In the Evil Palaces, the first containeth Kether, Chokmah and Binah. Unto
Kether is attributed Kerethial, which meaneth Ôcut off from GodÕ (Psalm XXXVII, v.34);
ÔWhen the wicked are cut off (from God)Õ and the symbolic form is that of black, evil
Giants.
Also to Kether belong the Thaumiel or Thamiel, the Bicephalous ones; and their forms are
those of dual, giant heads, with bat-like wings; they have not bodies for they are those who
seek continually to unite themselves unto the bodies of other beings and forces.
Unto Chokmah are referred the Dukes of Esau and the Ghogiel (from Og, King of Bashan),
or, as it is sometimes written, Oghiel, and they attach themselves unto living and material
appearances, and their form is like that of the black, and
Unto Binah are referred the Satariel or Harasiel, the Concealers and Destroyers whose forms
and appearances are a gigantic, veiled Head with horns and hideous eyes seen through the
veil, and they are followed by evil centaurs. These are also called Seriel from Esau, because
of their hairiness.
The Second Palace containeth Chesed, unto which are attributed the Gagh Shekelah, the
Disturbing Ones, and their symbolic forms are those of the black ones .., They
are also called Aziel, Chazariel and Agniel.
The Third Palace containeth Geburah whereunto are attributed Golaheb, or Burners with
Fire, otherwise called Zaphiel, and their forms are those of enormous black heads like a
volcano in eruption.
The Fourth Palace containeth Tiphereth whereunto are attributed Zamiel, ever working against each other.
The Fifth Palace containeth Netzach, whereunto are attributed the Ghoreb Zereq, or
Dispersing Ravens. Their form is that of the hideous Demon-headed Ravens issueing from a
volcano, also called Getzphiel.
The Sixth Palace containeth Hod, whereunto are referred the Samael or Deceivers [Jugglers],
The Seventh Palace containeth Yesod and Malkuth. Unto Yesod are referred the Gamaliel, or
Obscene Ones, whose form are those of corrupting, loathsome bull-men, linked together.
Thereunto are also referred Nachashiel, Evil Serpents, and Obriel. Thereunto belongeth the
Blind Dragon-force. The name of the serpent, Nachash, hath the same number as
that of the Messiah, who will root out the Qliphoth from the world.
Behemoth and Leviathan are two evil forms, of which the first is the synthesis of the
Qliphoth already described under the head of Behemiron in the Qliphoth of the Months of the
Year (the 11th). The Leviathan are, as it were, numberless Dragon forms united together, so
that each of his scales is, as it were, a separate evil serpent.
Of the Descending Hierarchy called the Decans of the Twelve Signs.
These are the daemons which rule over the twelve signs; they are presiding under the
supreme rule of the Infernal dignitaries Paimon, Amaimon, Egym and Uriens.
Aries 0 - 4 March 21 - 25 Ipos
Aries 5 - 9 March 26 - 29 Glasya-labolas
Aries 10 - 14 March 30 - April 3 Furfur
Aries 15 - 19 April 4 - 8 Marax
Aries 20 - 24 April 9 - 14 Renove
Aries 25 - 29 April 15 - 19 Botis
Taurus 0 - 4 April 20 - 24 Salleos
Taurus 5 - 9 April 25 - 29 Bathim
Taurus 19 - 14 April 30 - May 4 Valefor
Taurus 15 - 19 May 5 - 9 Aim
Taurus 20 - 24 May 10 - 14 Bime
Taurus 25 - 29 May 15 - 20 Ashtaroth
Gemini 0 - 4 May 21 - 25 Buer
Gemini 5 - 9 May 26 - 31 Foras
Gemini 10 - 14 June 1 - 5 Goap
Gemini 15 - 19 June 6 - 10 Marax
Gemini 20 - 24 June 11 - 15 Marbas
Gemini 25 - 29 June 16 - 21 Botis
Cancer 0 - 4 June 22 - 26 Gamigin
Cancer 5 - 9 June 27 - July 1 Amon
Cancer 10 - 14 July 2 - 7 Renove
Cancer 15 - 19 July 8 - 12 Forneus
Cancer 20 - 24 July 13 - 17 Leraje
Cancer 25 - 29 July 18 - 22 Marchosias
Leo 0 - 4 July 23 - 27 Baal
Leo 5 - 9 July 28 - Aug. 1 Beleth
Leo 10 - 14 August 2 - 7 Paimon
Leo 15 - 19 August 8 - 12 Belial
Leo 20 - 24 August 13 - 17 Asmodai
Leo 25 - 29 August 18 - 22 Purson
Virgo 0 - 4 August 23 - 27 Buer
Virgo 5 - 9 August 28 - Sept. 1 Foras
Virgo 10 - 14 September 2 - 7 Marax
Virgo 15 - 19 September 8 - 12 Goap
Virgo 20 - 24 September 13 - 17 Marbas
Virgo 25 - 29 September 18 - 22 Botis
Libra 0 - 4 September 23 - 27 Zepar
Libra 5 - 9 September 28 - Oct. 2 Salleos
Libra 10-14 October 3 - 7 Berith
Libra 15 - 19 October 8 - 12 Allegos
Libra 20 - 24 October 13 - 17 Bathim
Libra 25 - 29 October 18 - 22 Agares
Scorpio 0 - 4 October 23 - 27 Ipos
Scorpio 5 - 9 October 28 - Nov. 1 Glasya-labolas
Scorpio 10 - 14 November 2 - 6 Marax
Scorpio 15 - 19 November 7 - 12 Renove
Scorpio 20 - 24 November 13 - 17 Botis
Scorpio 25 - 29 November 18 - 22 Bifrons
Sagittarius 0 - 4 November 23 - 27 Barbatos
Sagittarius 5 - 9 November 28 - Dec. 2 Buer
Sagittarius 10 - 14 December 3 - 7 Vassago
Sagittarius 15 - 19 December 8 - 11 Stolas
Sagittarius 20 - 24 December 12 - 16 Sitri
Sagittarius 25 - 29 December 17 - 21 Seere
Capricorn 0 - 4 December 22 - 26 Sabnock
Capricorn 5 - 9 December 27 - 31 Vine
Capricorn 10 - 14 January 1 - 5 Haagenti
Capricorn 15 - 19 January 6 - 10 Balaam
Capricorn 20 - 24 January 11 - 15 Orobas
Capricorn 25 - 29 January 16 - 19 Andras
Aquarius 0 - 4 January 20 - 24 Phoenix
Aquarius 5 - 9 January 25 - 29 Vepar
Aquarius 10 - 14 January 30 - Feb. 3 Crocell
Aquarius 15 - 19 February 4 - 8 Dantalion
Aquarius 20 - 24 February 9 - 13 Focalor
Aquarius 25 - 29 February 14 - 18 Zepar
Pisces 0 - 4 February 19 - 23 Barbatos
Pisces 5 - 9 February 24 - 29 Buer
Pisces 10 - 14 March 1 - 5 Vassago
Pisces 15 - 19 March 6 - 10 Stolas
Pisces 20 - 24 March 11 - 15 Sitri
Pisces 25 - 29 March 16 - 20 Seere, the banishing of all malignant spirits, the invocation of the Arch-angels,
and lastly, the evocation of the Arch-daemons. , such as they are.
Here follows the manner of invoking the Arch-angels, all the rest of this will be given unto
you by them:
The Angelick Conjuration.
Begin this by reciting Ps LXII, CXLI, CIXX and LXXXVI. Then begin the
following the Archangels, from thy celestial home defend me, a human
being, whom God has created in His own image and likeness, and whom He has
purchased at a great price from Satan's tyranny.
His only-begotten Son into the world to crush the spirit of evil with its bellowing; do
Thou speedily give heed and send Thine holy and effulgent ministering angels from
their stations. Let them come that they might administer Thine virtue, strength and
wisdom unto me, in these Actions, with whatever spirits I call forth.; who sing space,face,race,! Art the Lord of Hosts!" To ones who serve us & us only,; who
has entrusted the service of leading the souls of the redeemed into heavenly blessedness.
Amen +
The Orders of Angels.
The Ministering Angels of the Throne of Judgement
. It is they who give effect to the decrees
of the Most High over the kingdoms of men; these angels form the council of the Almighty., the angel which maintains the
heavenly treasures.
The Watchers and the Holy Ones
Theses are the Fallen High Angels and were known to the Greeks as ArconteV [or
"Archons"]; their names are RADWERIEL; he is the cÏlestial scribe; RAHATIEL is the
angel ruling over the constellations. Unto him are the Angelick Decans which rule the 12
signs;>< "And I looked and behold a Whirlwind came
out of the North, a great Cloud, and a fire enfolding itself and a Splendour on every side, and
Hashmal the Brilliance of the innermost flame in the midst of Fire."
The Seraphim
The Seraphim is four in number and is ruled by SERAPHIEL; he is a prince, wonderful,
noble, great, honorable, mighty, terrible, a chief and leader and a swift scribe. His body is
like that of an eagle and he wears a crown. He is accompanied by Satan, Samael and Dubbiel.
These are the accusers. It is through the spirit Samael in which the absolution of the Seven
Deadly Sins is accomplished, through the bidding of GOD.
The Ofannim
The Ofannim is four in number and is ruled by OFFANNIEL; he is a prince and rules over
the Moon. He is an ancient and great Prince. He has sixteen faces, four on each side and 8466
eyes. He is beset with two hundred wings, one hundred on each side.
The Cherubim
CHERUBIEL is the Prince of the Cherubim and it is these angels who, by their wings, make
the Ôfour windsÕ blow. The wind goeth toward the south and turneth about unto the north; it
turneth anout continually in its course and returneth again unto its circuits. And from the
sphere of the Sun they return and descend upon the rivers and the seas and upon the hills, as
it is written: ÒFor lo, he that formeth the mountains and createth the wind.Ó
The Hyyoth
There are four in number and are governed by the angel HYYLIEL. These four angels are the
next above the Galallim. They have four faces, four wings and weareth crowns upon their
heads. The angels of the Hyyoth act in service to the Ministering Angels of the Throne of
Judgemen, who rules over the globe of the Sun; and they rule under the dominion of
The Hosts and Choir of Angels and
the Angels of the twelve Signs
These are the angels which assist the magician in all his experiments; all according to their
offices. It is unlawful that you should call upon the Seraphim, but all the rest may be called
upon for furtherance in matters divine.
Concerning the Talismans.
It is necessary to construct talismans for the object of each of your experiments, one for each
of the purposes. as in past times we travel into higher levels of the inner minds of all that be immortal in construction,even the evolutional must concure!<>*^?!`~|.../.
Comments
Feb 5 2010 6:47 PM
main - start 22:00
Maat, Emer, DOSHY, Piguła
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Mojo, Akisensei
Cafe Mięsna
piątek 05.02.2010
tax: 10PLN - do 4.02 edmparty@gmail.com
15 PLN w dniu imprezy
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Jan 23 2010 1:45 AM
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Nov 2 2009 3:57 PM
Thank you for the Friendship!!
I hope you like the tunes!
Please stop by and say Hi!
Peace and music
Tommy Mills
new cd available from spat Records Details on my Page :)
Nov 2 2009 10:02 AM
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Mode Orchestra's first Ep is finally available on iTunes!
http://www.rainbowmode.com/modeorchestra
Check it out and... spread the word!
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www.noechorecords.com
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We really appreciate your support!
You can now download "Caroline" & "Spread the Warning" from our myspace for free!! Please help spread the word & don't forget to "Demand us" on the eventful.com display on our profile. Keep in touch...