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1860 - 1933 Modern historians usually look to German activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs as the pioneer of the LGBT rights movement. Ulrichs came out publicly and began publishing books about same-sex love and gender variance in the 1860s, a few years before the term "homosexual" was first published in 1869. Ulrichs' Uranians were people with a range of gender expressions and same-sex desires; he considered himself "a female psyche in a male body". From the 1870s, social reformers in other countries had began to take up the Uranian cause, but their identites were kept secret for fear of reprisal. A secret British society called "The Order of Chaeronea" campaigned for the legalisation of homosexuality, and counted playwright Oscar Wilde among its members in the last decades of the 19th century. In the 1890s, English socialist poet Edward Carpenter and Scottish anarchist John Henry Mackay wrote in defense of same-sex love and androgyny; Carpenter and British homosexual rights advocate John Addington Symonds contributed to the development of Havelock Ellis's groundbreaking book Sexual Inversion, which called for tolerance towards "inverts" and was suppressed when first published in England. In Europe and America, a broader movement of "free love" was also emerging from the 1890s among first-wave feminists and radicals of the libertarian Left. They critiqued Victorian sexual morality and the traditional institutions of family and marriage that were seen to enslave women. Some advocates of free love such as the Russian anarchist and feminist Emma Goldman also spoke in defence of same-sex love and challenged repressive legislation. Magnus Hirschfeld was a prominent German physician, sexologist, and gay rights advocate.In 1898, German doctor and writer Magnus Hirschfeld formed the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee to campaign publicly against the notorious law "Paragraph 175", which made sex between men illegal. Adolf Brand later broke away from the group, disagreeing with Hirschfeld's medical view of the "intermediate sex", seeing male-male sex as merely an aspect of manly virility and male social bonding. Brand was the first to use "outing" as a political strategy, claming that German Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow engaged in homosexual activity. Anna Rüling, delivering a public speech in 1904 at the request of Hirschfeld, became the first female Uranian activist. Rüling, who also saw "men, women, and homosexuals" as three distinct genders, called for an alliance between the women's and sexual reform movements, but this speech is her only known contribution to the cause. Women only began to join the previously male-dominated sexual reform movement around 1910 when the German government tried to expand Paragraph 175 to outlaw sex between women. Heterosexual feminist leader Helene Stöcker became a prominent figure in the movement. Hirschfeld, whose life was dedicated to social progress for homosexual and transgender people, formed the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexology) in 1919. The institute conducted an enormous amount of research, saw thousands of transgender and homosexual clients at consultations, and championed a broad range of sexual reforms including sex education, contraception and women's rights. However, the gains made in Germany would soon be drastically reversed with the rise of Nazism, and the institute and its library were destoyed in 1933. In the United States, several secret or semi-secret groups were formed explicitly to advance the rights of homosexuals as early as the turn of the twentieth century, but little is known about them (Norton 2005). A better documented group is Henry Gerber’s Society for Human Rights formed in Chicago in 1924), which was quickly suppressed (Bullough 2005).

1950 - 1968 Immediately following World War II, a number of homosexual rights groups came into being or were revived across the Western world, in Britain, France, Germany, Holland, the Scandinavian countries and the United States. These groups usually preferred the term homophile to "homosexual", emphasising love over sex. The homophile movement began in the late 1940s with groups in the Netherlands and Denmark, and continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s with groups in Sweden, Norway, the United States, France, Britiain and elsewhere. ONE, Inc., the first public homosexual organization in the U.S. (Percy & Glover 2005), was bankrolled by the wealthy transsexual man Reed Erickson. A U.S. transgender-rights journal, Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress, also published two issues in 1952. The homophile movement lobbied within established political systems for social acceptability; radicals of the 1970s would later disparage the homophile groups for being assimilationist. Any demonstrations were orderly and polite (Matzner 2004). By 1969, there were dozens of homophile organizations and publications in the U.S. (Percy 2005), and a national organization had been formed, but they were largely ignored by the media. A 1965 gay march held in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, according to some historians, marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement. Meanwhile in San Francisco in 1966, transgender street prostitutes in the poor neighborhood of Tenderloin rioted against police harassment at a popular all-night restaurant, Compton's Cafeteria.

1969 - 1986 The new social movements of the sixties, such as the Black Power and anti-Vietnam war movements in the U.S, the May 1968 insurrection in France, and Women's Liberation throughout the Western world, inspired some LGBT activists to become militant, and the Gay Liberation Movement emerged towards the end of the decade. The English-speaking world marks the birth of the new radicalism at the Stonewall riots of 1969, when a group of transgender, lesbian and gay male patrons at a bar in New York resisted a police raid. Immediately after Stonewall, such groups as the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activists' Alliance (GAA) were formed. Their use of the word "gay" represented a new unapologetic defiance — as an antonym for "straight" ('respectable sexual behaviour'), it encompassed a range of non-normative sexualities and gender expressions, such as transgender street prostitutes. According to Gay Lib writer Toby Marotta, "their Gay political outlooks were not homophile but liberationist." "Out, loud and proud", they engaged in colorful street theater (Gallagher & Bull 1996). The GLF’s ‘A Gay Manifesto’ set out the aims for the fledgling gay liberation movement, and influential intellectual Paul Goodman published “The Politics of Being Queer” (1969). Chapters of the GLF were established across the US and in other parts of the Western world. The Front Homosexuel d'Action Révolutionnaire was formed in 1971 by lesbians who split from the Mouvement Homophile de France in 1971. One of the values of the movement was gay pride. Organized by an early GLF leader Brenda Howard, the Stonewall riots were commemorated by annual marches that became known as Pride parades. Gay Pride flag, symbol of the LGBT rights movementFrom the anarchistic Gay Liberation Movement of the early 1970s arose a more conservative and institutionalized "Gay Rights Movement". This represented a shift away from transgender issues, and butch bar dykes and flamboyant street queens came to be seen as negative stereotypes of lesbians and gays. Veteran activists such as Sylvia Rivera and Beth Elliot were sidelined or expelled because they were transsexual. During this period, the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) was formed (1978), and it continues to campaign for lesbian and gay human rights with the United Nations and individual national governments. Lesbian feminism, which was most influential from the mid 1970s to the mid 1980s, encouraged women to direct their energies toward other women rather than men, and advocated lesbianism as the logical result of feminism. Many women of the Gay Liberation movement felt frustated at the domination of the movement by men and formed separate organisations; some who felt gender differences between men and women could not be resolved developed "lesbian separatism", influenced by writings such as Jill Johnston's 1973 book "Lesbian Nation". Disagreements between different political philosophies were, at times, extremely heated, and became known as the lesbian sex wars, clashing in particular over views on sadomasochism and transsexuality. The term "gay" came to be more strongly associated with homosexual males.

1987 - present Some historians consider that a new epoch of the gay rights movement began in the 1980s with the advent of AIDS, which decimated the leadership and shifted the focus for many. This era saw a resurgence of militancy with direct action groups like ACT UP (formed in 1987), and its offshoots Queer Nation (1990) and the Lesbian Avengers (1992). Some younger activists, seeing "gay and lesbian" as increasingly normative and politically conservative, began using the word queer as a defiant statement of all sexual minorities and gender variant people — just as the earlier liberationists had done with the word "gay". A less confrontational attempt to reunite the interests of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transpeople occurred with the term LGBT, which has now (as of 2006) become a commonplace descriptor of organisations that once described themselves as "gay rights" groups. In the 1990s, organisations began to spring up in non-western countries, such as Progay Philippines, which was founded in 1993 and organised the first Gay Pride march in Asia on June 26, 1994. In many countries, LGBT organisations remain illegal (as of 2006) and transgender and homosexual activists face extreme opposition from the state. The 1990s also saw a rapid expansion of transgender rights movements across the globe. Hijra activists campaigned for recognition as a third sex in India and Travesti-rights groups began to organise against police brutality across Latin America, while activists in the United States formed militant groups such as Transexual (sic) Menace. An important text was Leslie Feinberg's, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come", published in 1992.

Same-sex marriage is marriage between individuals who are of the same legal or biological sex. It is also called gender-neutral marriage, equal marriage, and gay marriage (favored by proponents, along with just marriage), and homosexual marriage (sometimes favored by opponents). These terms may have different connotations, and may be favored by various audiences. For discussion of other forms of civil and religious same-sex unions distinct from marriage, see the articles linked in the pertinent section below.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, progress towards and bans of same-sex marriage created a topic of debate all over the world. Currently, same-sex marriages are recognized nationwide in four countries: Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, and also in the state of Massachusetts in the United States (although these marriages have no legal recognition at the federal level in the US). The Republic of South Africa also is set to join them by December 2006 as a result of several recent court rulings in favour of same-sex marriage. When it does, an estimated 155 million people worldwide, or approximately 2.5% of the world's total population, will live in places where same-sex marriage exists.

Civil unions and other forms of legal recognition for same-sex couples, which offer most if not all the rights accorded in a civil marriage, exist in the majority of countries in Europe, parts of South America (Argentina, Brazil), regions of Oceania (Australia, New Zealand), and additional territories in North America (CA, CT, D.C., HI, ME, NJ, VT). The article below defines same-sex marriage but also presents the arguments for and against the institution.

Currently, only one man and one woman can be joined in matrimony and have their marriages recognized by the state, except for residents of Massachusetts who successfully won a court battle for the right to marry. Same-sex couples were able to obtain marriage licenses in San Francisco, CA, and in various towns in New Mexico and New York for short intervals of time during 2004. However, none were able to register their marriages.

As of 2004-AUG:

37 states have enacted "Defense of Marriage Acts" (DOMAs) that ban same-sex marriage. Other states have similar legislation pending.

3 states (AK, NE, NV) have amended their state constitutions to ban SSM.

4 states (MD, OR, WI, WY) have marriage laws that specifically prohibit SSM

5 states (CT, NJ, NM, NY, RI) and DC have no explicit prohibition of SSM.

1 state (MA) allows SSM, but only to residents of the state.

• MovieFone viewers gave the movie five stars, its maximum rating.
• The Daily News gave it 4½ out of five stars.
• The Christian Science Monitor gave it four stars.
• It describes: The experiences of Mickie and Louis, a lesbian couple who had been together for thirteen years. Louis was a Florida police officer who died trying to stop a bank robbery. Mickie was denied all pension benefits. The story of Sam and Earl. They were together for 22 years in Oklahoma. When Earl died, this long-estranged cousins tried to have his will declared invalid so that they could gain ownership of Earl's house and turn Sam out onto the street.
• The history of marriage
• The battles for full marital equality for same-sex couples.

Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) is a partner in the making of the movie. They believe that: "This film is a great way to introduce your friends, co-workers and neighbors to the marriage equality issue - it explores aspects of the issue like family dynamics, legal ramifications and the history of marriage in sometimes humorous, sometimes heart-breaking ways. Most importantly, this is a film that reveals the human side of discrimination in a way that EVERYONE can understand."

It is available for U.S. $22.93, postage paid. They accept PayPal. See: http://www.1049films.com/

In 1995, Kelli Peterson started a gay and straight club at her Salt Lake City high school. The story of her ensuing battle with school authorities in interspersed with looks back at the diary of Michael Wigglesworth, a 17th-century Puritan cleric, at the 30-year love affair of Sarah Orne Jewett and Annie Adams Fields, at Henry Gerber's attempt after World War I to establish a gay-rights organization, at Bayard Rustin's role in the civil rights movement, and at Barbara Gittings' taking on of the American Psychiatric Association's position that homosexuality is illness. One person comments, "To create a place for ourselves in the present, we have to find ourselves in the past."

GLAAD Media Awards Year Result Award Category/Recipient(s) 1999 Won GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Film (Documentary)
L.A. Outfest Year Result Award Category/Recipient(s) 1998 Won Audience Award Outstanding Documentary Feature Jeffrey Dupre
Sundance Film Festival Year Result Award Category/Recipient(s) 1998 Won Audience Award Documentary Jeffrey Dupre
Nominated Grand Jury Prize Documentary Jeffrey Dupre

It is available for U.S. $8.99, on www.amazon.com

This uplifting, poignant, and soul-opening documentary, aired on PBS stations, highlights a momentous, historical milestone when San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom engaged in ground-breaking civil disobedience as he allowed same-sex couples to marry at San Francisco City Hall. With rousing speeches from beloved comic Margaret Cho, top marriage equality leaders, and interviews with seven long-term same sex couples, Freedom To Marry brings a joyful, personal face to marriage equality at the height of this burgeoning, world-wide civil rights movement.

It is available for U.S. $25.00, on www.amazon.com