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L.
This isn't so much a tutorial, as it doesn't actually teach you much.. It's more
a text on hardware for those of you sick of newbie tutorials, and looking for
something interesting and non-dangerous. This is mainly about motherboard stuff,
but I stuck something about HDs, mice and Gfx cards at the end. Hey, if people
like it and tell me, I might even stretch and do al the other computer bits and
bobs. ;)
The Clock
(I) What does it look like?
(II) Waves
(III) Some ASCII Art. ;)
(IV) What is Digital? (unrelated to Microns, but hey.)
(V) Howcome Digital can't be conceived in real life?
(VI) What does digital represent?
(VII) What is Binary?
(VIII) How do I translate between number systems?
(IX) sums?
(X) Use Wincalc.
Chipset
(I) A what?
(II) Assembler and Machine Code
(III) Intel ones.
Microns
(I) Moore's Law
(II) Predictions / Intel. V. AMD. (Go, AMD!)
Hard Drives
(I) Origin
(II) How they work
(III) FIrst computer
Mice
(I) Rollers
(II) Cleaning
(III) Keyboard crud
Gfx Cards
(I) Built in v. NOT
(II) Components
(III) Stay away from S3s! warning
(IV) 3D and 2D cards
The BIOS.
This contains instructions which are specific for that particular motherboard.
Those programs and instructions will remain in the PC throughout its life; usually
they are not altered. However, it is possible to get replacement / upgrade BIOS's.
Primarily the ROM code holds start-up instructions. In fact there are several
different programs inside the start-up instructions, but for most users, they
are all woven together. You can differentiate between:
* POST (Power On Self Test)
* The Setup instructions, which connect with the CMOS instructions
* BIOS instructions, which connect with the various hardware peripherals
* The Boot instructions, which call the operating system (DOS, OS/2, or Windows)
Note: Only very old or different OS's are stored on ROM, such as OS/2. This is
actually a much more efficient system.
BIOS's are static sensitive, so take care when handling them. They can also be
PWord protected... if you ever get round to doing this, don't forget the password.
As you don't use the BIOS PWord often, this is easy to do. Don't. it's bloody
hard getting the PWord back.
Processors
Processors work on a fetch-execute cycle. each tick of the clock, in theory, they
get a bit of data... and by tick of the clock here, we don't mean a second, we
mean the tick of a computer clock. Depending on the speed of your processor, this
is anywhere from 233 million ticks per second for a 233, to 800 for an overclocked
600MHz Athlon chip.
So, you can get, on your average computer, 400 - 500 bits of data per second.
Well, wrong actually... because not every clock tick is taken up by getting the
data. Every _fourth_ is. Well, what about every other 3? you ask.. they are taken
up with _finding_ the data, _getting_ it, and putting it back. So, you say, your
processor runs at a quarter of the speed that in theory it should be able to do?
Well, yes. And there's no way around this, unfortunately. But, we can make the
clock speed a little faster, and it is the clock speed that dictates the speed
of the processor... (within reason).
Therefore, you can set the clock ticks on your 233 to 266, and it'll run at 166
MHz. Yes. Unfortunately, the more clock ticks there are in relation to what your
chip is _supposed_ to run at, the hotter it Gets. Therefore, you need to install
heatsyncs/fans. In fact, the AMD Athlon 600MHz overclocked to 800MHz, the fastest
PC at the time of writing has a minature fridge that cools the chip, which is
its own special metal box. The tower-sized case also has a box the size of a mini-tower
underneath for the cooling system. ;)
For this increase in temperature of 200MHz, the chip is cooled to -37 degrees
centigrade. that's cold. ;) (Note: AMD chips generally run a lot hotter than Intel
ones). ((Not a problem unless u have no heatsync)) - see the micron section, below...
The Clock
Now, this fabled clock looks like, in most cases, a small black box on your motherboard.
The clock ticks it emitts are in the form of a wave , but a different wave: one that is sqare, and it looks like a castle
ramparts. the speed of this is dictated by the MHx setting you set with the Jumpers
on your motherboard. The waves look like so: (except slightly more square)
__ _ ____ _ _ ___
_¦ ¦___¦ ¦__¦ ¦_¦ ¦_¦ ¦__¦ ¦__ and etc.
The wave, which never changes, and is always the same, is broadcast throughout
your motherboard, and it synchronises all of the things that go on there. For
example, when you press the left button in your game of quake, the processor assigns
different bits of your computer to do whatever is neccacery to redraw what's on the screen, and tells
it to have it done in 3 ticks' time. The same process occurs on the gfx card itself,
where the main processor assigns a polygon to each other chip, or whatever. Infact,
if you have an old enough computer, you can see it being redrawn on the screen...
try it... run a gfx-intensive game on a 486... If the task isn't done in time,
then it all falls apart, and the computer crashes. This is why you don't want
to buy a dodgy CPU. :) (Get an AMD Athlon!).
The signals sent run around your motherboard, through all of those copper bits,
and into the chips, ISA slots, or whatever, and the task gets accomplished.
This signal is sent around the motherboard in that most wonderful of things we
all love, Binary. Now, Binary is what Computers communicate with, and it is a
DIGITAL thing. Digital. A Much used term.
COmputers are electronic, and therefore, all the signals in them are tiny pulses
of electricity. Now, electricity can be one of two things. On... or off. And this
is what makes it digital. If it could be half on as well, it would be analogue...
But no. It's digital. However, the representation of it in the form of signals
down wires is analogue, as a sound in a modem wire can be any of a hundred million
different pitches, can't it. Yes. This digital signal is, then, a series of 0's
and 1's. Binary. The counting system that we use (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11... etc... ) is Denary. It's Base ten... Binary is Base 2 (and Hexadecimal,
which is used, amongst other things, is base 16). Therefore it is perfect for
being what these signals are coded in. so each charactor on your screen is represented
in your computers RAM by a series of Binary digits. Probably 8. if you go into
Windows Calculator, and switch to scientific mode (View>Scientific) you can
decode this. For example, 1 in Binary is 00000001. 2 is 00000010. The way this
can be decoded is thus:
Each digit in binary represents a quantity of a certain number, just as denary
does. In denary, there is a column for 1's, a column for 10's, and a column for
100's. And in Binary, there is a column for 1's, 2's, 4's, 8's, etc. Let
me show you:
Denary:
..tr>
100s
10s
1s
1
0
0
..table>
Here, there is a one in the hundreds column, and therefore, 100 + 0 + 0 (0 and
0 are the other 2 columns) makes 100. SO 1 0 0 in Denary represents 100. (of course,
translating 100 --> 100 doesn't work, as denary is used in both cases). In
Binary, this works this:
Binary (8-bit -- 8 digits)
..tr>
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
..table>
SO... 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 250.
So the Binary number 11111010 = 250. Simple, eh?
It is possible to do addition, subtraction, multiplication, in fact, EVEYTHING
that is possible with denary (1--> 10)... I'm not going to explain it because
it is simply too complicated. ;) Use Windows Calculator... the radio buttons at
the top left switch between number systems.
Chipset
We all know what assembly language is, do we not? It is the programming language
that is most native to a computer. The instructions go directly to the chip (more
or less). (Assembly actually lays on top of Machine code, which is the real native:
Assembler is a more human-friendly version)... Each chip has their own different
version of assembler/machine code, called its _chipset_. Each new type of chip
comes with an upgraded chipset: for example, the Intel MMX chip incorporated the...wait
for it... MMX chipset! There are also chipsets such as 3D!Now. THe most basic
of commands between, say, Intel and AMD are the same: they have to be in order
for the two to be compatible, but more advanced things are different. This is
why Alpha chips are incompatible with windows: The chipset is completely different.
Intel has hitherto been the leader in supplying chip sets to the Pentium motherboard.
Therefore, let us just mention their chip sets, which have astronomical names.
The Neptune chip set (82434NX) was introduced in June 1994. It replaced the Mercury
set (82434LX). In both chip sets, there were problems with the PCI bus. In January
1995 Intel introduced the first Triton, where everything worked. This chip set
supports some new features: it supports EDO RAM, and it offers bus master integrated
EIDE control and NSP (Native Signal Processing - one of the many new creations,
which was soon forgotten).
The sorts of things that new chipsets are used for are varied... for example,
The Intel TX Chipset, for example, supports SDRam and UltraDMA (But the TX-set
cannot cache above 64 MB RAM, and that is a problem.), while AMD chips have their
own special Graphics chipset, which is better for that task.
Microns
The CPUs have doubled their calculating capacity every 18 months. This is called
"Moore's Law" and was predicted in 1965 by Gordon Moore. He was right for more
than 30 years. The latest CPUs use internal wiring only 0.25 microns wide (1/400
of a human hair). But if Moore's Law has to be valid into the next century, more
transistors have to be squeezed onto silicon layers. And now there is a new hope.
IBM has for the first time succeeded in making copper conductors instead of aluminum.
Copper is cheaper and faster, but the problem was to isolate it from the silicon.
The problem has been solved with a new type of coating, and now chips can be designed
with 0.13 micron technology. The technology is expected later to work with just
0.05 micron wiring! Texas Instruments announced on August 27th 1998 that they
expect 0.07 micron CMOS processing in the year 2001. At the time of writing, AMD
chips run at .27 microns (?) and Intel at .33. This explains why AMD chips are
hotter, as there is less wire, and therefore more probability of the electrons
that the electricity is comprised of hitting the side of the wires, and creating
heat.
Hard Drives
Hard drives work in much the same way as a floppy disk does. They can, however,
store a much larger capacity of data, and therefore are much more fragile, and
compact . For this reason, they are hermetically sealed.
NEVER OPEN ONE IF YOU WANT TO USE IT AGAIN. There is, inside, 3 or 4 goldy-brown
circular plates on which the data is stored. These are much the same as the ones
inside a floppy disk, except that they are not 'floppy' but hard, or stiff. The
data is stored on the platters magnetically, which explains why floppy disks have
a "keep magnets away from me" warning on boxes u buy them in.
IBM introduced the first hard disk in 1957, when data usually was stored on tapes.
The first 305 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) consisted
of 50 platters, 24 inch diameter, with a total capacity of 5 MB, a huge storage
medium for its time. It cost $35,000 annually in leasing fees (IBM would not sell
it outright) and was twice the size of a refrigerator.
In the early 80s, HD's became the preferred storage medium as opposed to floppy
drives (these were previously used due to increased reliability). IBM's PS/2 (one
of which I have - yay) was one of the first PCs to be equipped with a Hard drive.
I think.
Mice
Mice are, as we all know, Input devices, and as we also know, they tell where
you are on the mousemat by moving a ball in the bottom. Which you can see. But
how does it read how the ball is moving? Well, inside the mouse are 2 rollers,
at 90 degrees to each other. When you move the mouse, u move the ball, and thus
the rollers. THe rollers have some little discs on the end of them with slits
in, and either side of the disc are light-readers, so that when you move tha ball,
the mouse can tell because light flasles on and off in its light reader. There
is also a 3rd non-functional roller to keep the ball rolling smoothly. Note: It
is perfectly safe to turn your mouse upside down ,. take the ball out and look
inside, as long as you don't prod anything too hard (twiddle the rollers by all
means, just don't stick bits of paper in there). It is also a good idea to get
a blunt knife or screw driver and clean the crud off the rollers every few weeks...
it solidifies into little rings around the rollers, and works to the detriment
of the mouse. If it isn't cleaned off, it can also, fallinto the mouse, and reak
havok with the insides. :) The same sort of crud builds up in keyboards, but is
harder to remove. ;)
GFX Cards
A video card is typically an adapter, a removable expansion card in the PC. Thus,
it can be replaced! The video card can also be an integral part of the system
board...This is the case in certain brands of PCs and is always the case in lap
tops. This is not nice, as it is hard to upgrade to a better card. On a OC with
a non-removable gfx or sound card, the normal procedure if you _do_ want to replace
it is to disable the built-in graphics card using jumpers or dip switches... consult
your motherboard manual. ;) Regardless of whether it is replaceable or integrated,
it consists of three components:
* A video chip of some brand (ATI, Matrox, S3, Cirrus Logic, or Tseng, to name
some of the better known). The video chip creates the signals, which the screen
must receive to form an image.
* Some kind of RAM (EDO, SGRAM, or VRAM, which are all variations of the regular
RAM). Memory is necessary, since the video card must be able to remember a complete
screen image at any time.
* A RAMDAC - a chip converting digital/analog signals.
NOTE: Never buy an S3. Never. Ever. I've had lots, they're all useless. Remember
that.
All ordinary graphics cards can show 3D games. That is really no special trick.
The problem is to present them smoothly and fast. If the PC’s video card is made
for 2D execution only, the CPU must do the entire workload of geometric transformations
etc.! And that task can cause even the fastest CPU to walk with a limp. In recent
years there has been an enormous development in 3D graphics cards. Let me briefly
describe those here.
There are two types of graphics cards, which can be used for 3D acceleration:
Combination 2D/3D cards. These are ordinary graphics cards, which have been equipped
with extra 3D power.
The pure 3D cards, which only work as accelerators. These cards require that there
also is an ordinary (2D) graphics card in the PC.
Of course the pure 3D card yields the best acceleration, but there are also good
combination cards on the market.
Njan
Music
Memory
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Is your PC running slow? Well memory upgrades are about the cheapest upgrade
that you can do to improve your computers performance drastically. This will
be a easy tutorial to understand so you can pop in your memory and determine
from now
on out what you have inside your computer. This will be a step by step guide
to install Simms and Dimm memmory. Simms memory slots are small and a whiteish
color. Dimm memory slots are longer in length and are black. So please when
following this tutorial please do not skip read, read carefully or it could
end up costing you money. So enjoy this tutorial from Blacksun.box.sk. And for
more hardware installation guides visit Blacksun
Research Facility.
Before we start getting into the installation you should have already looked
inside your computer for what type of memory your computer support. If you have
2 or more white slots open means you need 72 pin SIMMS memory. SIMMS must be
put
in pairs. DIMM on the other hand can go in by itself, so it doesnt need a pair.
Clear a space on a desk or table and unplug your computer and carry the case
where it is well lighted. Remove the screws holding the out shell of your case,
and remove out shell. Now you should be able to see the motherboard and all
the insides. Now look for your memory slots on your mother board, If you can
not see them then you might have to move or take some stuff out to be able to
move around inside but you probly wont have to. So you know, the box in the
top left with red, yellow, and black cables coming out is the power supply.
III.The Installation of the Memory
Ok. Now your ready to install the memory.
If you are installing SIMMs memory then...
Grab one of the sticks of memory and slide it into slot from the top at a 60
degree angle(Ex....). Once you have it slid all the way in,push it to a upright
position until you hear it click. Now put in its pair. Then re-connect the cables
and moniter and turn on the power. On the boot up screen look at the memory
count will be like 32838k(32MB) of memory. Make sure its reading the memory.
If that number varies significantly from what you were expecting contact manufacturer
or dealer you bought your memory from.
If you are installing DIMM memory then...
Grab one of the sticks of DIMM memory and line it up to the DIMM Socket so the
grooves in the memory stick are the same on the motherboard. Once lined up push
the white arms on the top and bottom of the DIMM socket to a outward position
so they are not in the way of the memory. Now press firmly on the top and bottom
until the white arms come in locking the memory in place.Then re-connect the
cables and moniter and turn on the power. On the boot up screen look at the
memory count will be like 32838k(32MB) of memory. Make sure its reading the
memory. If that number varies significantly from what you were expecting contact
manufacturer or dealer you bought your memory from.
IV.CMOS Check
On boot enter your PC should recognize the memory. Not many systems require
you but if its required you will get a error message. Then enter your systems
setup.
V.Conclusion
Once windows is booted up check out the new memory and make sure it is working
properly. I hope this helped you in the steps of installing or upgrading your
new memory. If you have any suggestions or questions feel free to email
me. More tutorials to come and soon a HTML version with picture references.
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Date of release: 25/1/2000
Introduction
In this tutorial I will try an teach you how to successfully build your own
computer! There are many benefits to building your own computer.
You get hand's on experience learning how a computer works
Its a hell of alot less expensive then buying one from a retailer
Its a hell of alot more reliable than buying one from a retailer being that
you hand select QUALITY parts and put it togethor yourself.
You can do your own tech support no more relying on stupid Best Buy Tech's
that don't know the difference between their ass and a hard disk jumper (don't
worry I'll tell you what those are later)
Section #1 (What Your Going To Need)
Here we will discuss a list of the parts you need and the best place to purchase
them. If you want the best
prices on computer hardware you will definitly want to look online. Unfortunatly
(and for some of you very fortunatly
if you know what I mean) this requires the use of a credit card. Below is a
general list of the devices you will
need...
A Computer Case (Something To Put All The Computer Parts Togethor In)
Should only run you about 50 dollars
Beware the cheap ones with cheap power supplies they will die in a year
A Mother Board (Everything Will Be Plugged Into The Mother Board)
A Floppy Drive and a CDROM (Should Be Obvious)
A Hard Disk (Come In Many Different Flavors and Quality Levels, Stores
All The Information In Your Computer)
A Video Card (Cheap Stuff, Its What Your Monitor Plugs Into)
IDE Controller Ribbon
Miscellaneous Accessories
Next we'll take a look at many of the different options you have when buying
these pieces of equipment. Your choice
may vary depending on which Operating Systems you plan on running.
Section #2 (Which Brand And Model Should I Buy?)
We'll lets start with your computer case and move all the way down to Miscellaneous
Accessories..
1. Computer Case
You will most certainly need an ATX style case with a quality power supply.
How do you tell? Well if the case
is only 15-20 bucks theres a pretty good chance its a crappy power supply.
2. A Mother Board
I suggest a quality ASUS (ATX style to match your computer case) mother board
its up to you ask your friends.
I've had bad experiences personally with FIC
mother boards.
3. A Floppy Drive and CDROM
Pretty inexpensive stuff, i'd suggest a Sony Floppy drive and a generic CDROM.
Doesn't make too much a difference if your
concerned about getting the best price.
4. Hard Disks
Gets alittle tricky. If you want reliability, high speed transfers, and are
willing to run Windows I suggest a Western Digital
or a Seagate ULTRA DMA-66. If your not to concerned with speed and want to run
a server with Unix i'd go with a Fujitsu or
a Western Digital. Their farely inexpensive but only transfer in 33 megabit
bursts as apposed to the DMA-66 which transfer
in 33 megabit bursts. I don't believe Unix currently supports ULTRA DMA-66,
but don't quote me on that. Now there's an even faster
transfer rate available via SCSI Hard Disk Controllers, but i'm not about to
go into setting up SCSI controllers in this tutorial.
For now we will stick with IDE Hard Disk controllers.
5. Video Cards
Video cards are cheap and if your not a gamer a plain ole gener Cirrus Logic
or STB video card will do fine.
6. IDE Controller Ribbon
You'll need 2 different kinds of IDE Ribbon 2 40 pins for your CDROM and Hard
Disk and Another with less pins for your floppy.
You can buy these at any local computer store or order them off the web.
7. Miscellaneous Stuff
You may be interested in adding a sound card, ethernet card, and/or 3DFX card
to your system. These are relatively easy to do and
I will explain how to add card's to your mother board later.
Section #3 (Where do I buy all this crap!?)
Well if your looking for the best prices online for computer hardware (and
this is my unbiast opinion) i'd suggest going to
http://www.pricewatch.com again ask your friends maybe they know a better place.
Pricewatch.com researchs the best prices
on computer hardware.
Section #4 (Lets Assemble!)
This next part is very important so read carefully...
First things first get yourself a clean desk to work on.
Place your ATX stlye computer case on the desk and slide/lift the top off.
Inside should be a bunch of wires coming out
of the power supply in the back and a bunch of wires coming out near the
face of the box.
The next thing your going to want to do is place your mother board inside
the case and fasten it in. Their might be
metal coverings covering the holes in the computer case were the parralel
ports and serial ports on the mother board
should poke through, go ahead and poke those out with a screw drive so you
can fit the mother board in snuggly. Every
Case fastens mother boards in different ways. Some use plastic pegs, some
use metal screws. It will hopefully be obvious
which you have to use.
#4 Once the mother board is mounted properly you will need to fasten the floppy
drive, and cdrom into the computer case.
All computer cases store floppy drives differently there maybe a slide out
container that you screw them into. You'll
have to make sure that the the floppy drive is right side up (duh!) and that
the pins are facing towards the back of the
computer. Installing the CDROM is pretty much the same in all computer cases.
Some mounting rails should have come
with your mother board. You need to fasten those to the sides of the CDROM
and you should be able to slide it right in
to one of the top bays.
Insert your Video Card. There are presently about 3 differnet forms of slots
on your mother board. PCI, ISA, and AGP.
Video Cards are presently made for all 3 of them. AGP stands for "Accelrated
Graphics Port" Video Cards made for this
slot are generally more high tech/performance. PCI's work and so do ISA (Althoug
ISA is more Old School). Gee how
do I tell the difference? Well AGP slots more than likely is the only small,
brown, slot on your mother board. PCI
you probably have the most of these their white and little longer than AGP.
ISA, these are longggg and black, ugly.
Insert your Video Card and snug it in there firmly. Don't force it (duh).
Time for that evil Hard Disk installation. We'll Hit hooking up the power
supplies and Installing the Hard Disk at the
same time just for fun. Insert the Hard Disk In a very much similar way to
the way you inserted the floppy disk. But
Before you do make sure that the jumper settings are correct on the back of
Har Disk. Most hard disks are shipped in
single mode, but if you want to run multiple hard disks (which we won't discuss)
you need to set the jumpers differently.
Jumpers are little metal prongs connected with little jumpers that complete
a connection. You figure it out. Anyway
you got your hard disk in now its time to hook up the power supplies. The
hard disk and the CDROM have similar power supp
lies. 3 or 4 prong. Hook those funny looking cords coming out of the back
of the power supply into your CDROM and Hard
Disk. Theres a smaller one that hooks into your floppy it should be obvious.
Theres a big power supply (the biggest one
in the lot usually made of white plastic) It fits into a slot on your mother
board, it is the main power supply to your
mother board. Its kind of tricky to get in so be careful.
Now that you have your Power Supplies hooked up you'll need to connect your
Periphrials to your Mother Board. Use the IDE
Controller Ribbon I know you all have. Hey one end goes to your CDROM (make
sure the red line on the ribbon "pin 1" is
matched up with the first pin on the back of your CDROM) and the other end
goes to your mother board (same deal). The
same goes for your hard disk and yoru floppy. Figure it out its not that difficult.
You'll know you did something wrong
when you get a floppy disk fail on boot.
Finishing touches. Don't forget to connect those nasty wires coming out from
behind the face of your computer case to
your mother board. They control the on, off, reset, hard disk activity, and
power switch. Every mother board is different
so i hope you have a manual with your mother board. Most specify with 2 or
3 character paraphrases that make no sense.
For Example "PWR SWT" = Power Switch "RST SWT" = Reset
Switch. Or even more vague than that.
Section #5 (Testing 1, 2, 3)
Ok your ready to give it a whirl, you'll need to get in your system bios. The
"DEL" key should usually get you in.
Get it to autodetect your hard disk. Accept the Setting and Save your Configurations.
Install Your OS and your ready to go.
That easy!! Ha! you'll prolly have lots of trouble theres a million resources
online to help you. Get to it.
Television
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Linux Networking
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*** Joins: [T]racer[T]
*** DigitalFallout sets mode: -m
*** Mikkkeee sets mode: +m
wrong person lol
use !mod and !unmod if you wish
*** DigitalFallout sets mode: -m
hehe
*** Mikkkeee sets mode: +o Caboom
<[T]racer[T]> matt: waza dude
!mod
Does anybody know if Intel® 2100 Pro/DSL
Linux drivers exist?
too early
its mute time
what we going to start?
*** mikestevens sets mode: +v b0iler
* Ghost_Rider is waiting to make ppl decide...
*** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v bomb8595
i got 5:55 here
-m
if we all stfu
lets start
+m
We've got another 8 mins or so?
> +m
22:52:23 GMT
+m
neh, there will be idiots to speak when not
necessary
5 minutes
!mod
<[T]racer[T]> kick the fuckerz!
!mod
<[T]racer[T]> who speak not in the right place
<[T]racer[T]> sqeez
[T]racer[T]: like you? heh, heya msg me :)
will the people telling people not to speak please
stop speaking
*** Joins: ryph
*** Mikkkeee sets mode: +m
*** darkvpx is now known as jimi
*** Joins: Sub
*** DigitalFallout changes topic to '''Welcome
to Black Sun Research Facility, http://blacksun.box.sk | DON'T MESSAGE
THE OPS WITHOUT PERMISSION FIRST! | NO warez/serials/cracks/clones/advertisements.
LECTURE IN PROGRESS! SIT BACK AND RELAX'
*** Joins: Infini7y
*** Joins: Revocomms
All set GR?
*** Joins: rs
All set GR?
k, should we voice everyone?
*** mikestevens sets mode: +v Jahlin
Sorry
df: yeah nope no
not yet
the +m will be taken Then if we are all set
only the people we need
at then end of each topic
LET THE PARTY BEGIN
* Mikkkeee says the room is all your rider
*** Mikkkeee sets mode: +vvv a|pha[away] bobbie
CodE4
thnx mike:) *** Mikkkeee sets mode: -vvv a|pha[away] bobbie
CodE4
well welcome ... as you know this is a networking
lecture I divided the lecture in 6 main topics Ethernet card, LAN, IP masquerading, remote port
fowarding, transparent proxy and NFS at the end of each topic *** Joins: blues
the +m will be taken so you may ask anything related to it also I advide you to download or at least check
http://blacksun.box.sk/examples.txt *** Joins: thebluegiant
*** Quits: thebluegiant (Quit: )
I'll use those ascii on the LAN part now I think we are really ready to start after this I will follow up with a lecture
on cable hacking
*** Joins: _RooTs_
unless any oper or voice wanna say something im ok
you can find the outline for my lecture at
http://blacksun.box.sk/test/cablem.txt
Ghost_Rider, the notice
*** Joins: Serial_Killer
*** rs is now known as RedShadow
Matt: yeah i saw it matt *** SpiderMan sets mode: +o RedShadow
Ghost_Rider, you could 'annouce it' :)
*** Joins: Blue^demoN
Its nice to see the old class btw
ok ppl matt will be sorting questions *** Joins: shady_harrasment_panda
*** ChanServ sets mode: +o shady_harrasment_panda
* DigitalFallout agrees with matt
and please guys don't start me asking prv questions *** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v RedShadow
*** Joins: Ann0yeD
ok...ARE WE READY? *** Mikkkeee sets mode: -o RedShadow
has it started
lets begin
ok.. *** Joins: __052_-
start logging NEver stop :)
Networking Lecture 1st stop Ethernet Cards *** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v VoidIndex
*** Parts: a|pha[away]
*** Joins: a|pha[away]
well there is not much to tell about this, I'll
just guide you throught the detection, configuration and show you a start
up script *** [T]racer[T] is now known as TracerT
nowadays most of the ethernet cards are PCI based,
still you can find some nice 10mbit/s ISA cards I use ISA on my LAN@home..and I don't think I need
more speed but that's up to you *** Quits: vatefairefoutre (Quit: )
*** Parts: Ann0yeD
now the 1st thing you gotta make sure is that the
kernel is detecting ur hardware..(I never had problems but we never know) so if you are using a ISA card you can use pnpdump this will create a file that will be read by isapnp *** Joins: Phish
what you gotta make sure is that the ethernet card
is being detected..just go throught the dump and check for it if otherwise it's pci you can cat /proc/pci and
look for it *** Joins: Leper
now what you have to find out is what kernel module
will support ur card *** Joins: zwanderer
*** Joins: Ann0yeD
*** Quits: Revocomms (Quit: Leaving)
*** Quits: Sapient2003 (Quit: )
most ISA cards work with NE2000 module (ne.o) and
all the PCI cards I know (I just know a couple SMC cards) always use the DECchip you'll also have the module for it *** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v zwanderer
thought if you have a EN2242 *** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v Leper
common in laptops you have to download a special version of DECchip
module *** Quits: Phish (Quit: [BX] Eat, drink and be
merry...for tomorrow we die)
sorry to interrupt, how far are we ?
*** Joins: julon
zwanderer: just in the beginning ah cool
*** Joins: paul_GG
but searching on google youll find that changed
version *** Quits: shady_harrasment_panda (Connection
reset by peer)
*** Joins: Swirly
after loading the module using the command modprobe
(/sbin/modprobe) *** paul_GG is now known as shady_harrasment_panda
you'll start having a new interface that will be
eth0 you can now nicelly /sbin/ifconfig eth0 to check
it's status *** Parts: Ann0yeD
you can make sure that ethernet card will be active
doing /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up *** Joins: Ellis_D
*** shady_harrasment_panda is now known as _shady_harrasment_panda-
for now you have the ethernet device working but
you still can't comunicatte with other computers *** Joins: AxE
*** Quits: Crash_Gnome (Quit: we are the all
dancing all singing crap of the world)
so for now our startup script would be something
like ( it will be ended on the next section) #!/bin/sh /sbin/modprobe YOUR_ETHERNET_CARD_MODULE *** AxE is now known as _AxE-
/sbin/ifconfig eth0 UP *** Parts: Swirly
this might seem very basic for some of you..but
I think I had to say it Matt: do we have any questions for now? one thing
yes mike:) you will have to make sure its in the right
dir (the module)
Ghost_Rider, nope
and depmod before you modprobe
*** Joins: mephist0
mikestevens: well depmode will take care of that If anyone has any question to ask GR, msg me and NOT
him. GR is a VIP.
lol no matt i think i'll keep the way I thought GR also smells, but thats a different lecture...
I'll take +m and ppl will make questions *** Ghost_Rider sets mode: -m
ok..so any questions? *** Joins: vanished
or may I proceed? *** Joins: Edrin
no?...good..continuing *** Ghost_Rider sets mode: +m
*** Matt sets mode: +v Edrin
Is this lecture generic to all linux/unix
systens?
hi Matt
df: mostly linux nice to see all the oldies here
Ok
*** Quits: Blue^demoN (Ping timeout)
Well, GR's doing such a generally good job, we can
continue :)
*** Quits: __052_- (Quit: Leaving)
so we know have working ethernet cards *** Joins: i1der
*** Parts: _AxE-
it's time to setup LAN *** Joins: Cyberwolf
*** ChanServ sets mode: +o Cyberwolf
hi all
*** Joins: slakka
damn cyber u missed the lecture
*** Joins: Grim_Reaper
just kidding
damn! its crowded in here :))
let's check the 1st example of the example.txt
(http://blacksun.box.sk/examples.txt) I'll give you sometime to open the file... *** Cyberwolf sets mode: +v Serial_Killer
ok..it's probably open as you can see we have a direct ethernet-ethernet
card connection..our LAN it's just 2 computers this is the very easy to setup...but let's start
from the beggining since we are talking about private networks we'll use the ips address that are use for private
networks they are 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/32 172.16.0.0/16 (sorry about this typo) 192.168.0.0/24 *** Quits: PhAzE (Ping timeout)
now since we just got 2 computers (the router and
the 2nd computer) we will use the Class C ip address *** Quits: Megram (Connection reset by peer)
so we'll will put the router with ip address 192.168.0.1
and the 2nd computer with ip 192.168.0.2 *** Quits: Jahlin (Quit: Leaving)
you might ask why don't we give .0 and .1 or as
someone asked me before why can't we give the .255 well .0 and .255 and HOST ID can't be given because
these too addies are special the .0 represents the intire network..and .255
is the broadcast address (When you wanna send something to every computer
on the network) *** Quits: zwanderer (Quit: Liberae sunt nostrae
cogitationes)
so your HOST ID may be > 0 and < 255 but never
= to this 2 values *** Joins: Megram
*** ChanServ sets mode: +o Megram
now that we have this clear (I think) let's setup the ips for them actually you can use those, but you need to
do some other stuff with netmasks
*** Joins: Freezer
they are special in most cases, so its better
to leave them alone
*** Megram sets mode: +v Freezer
now...we wanna set the following ips 192.168.0.1
and 192.168.0.2 * Freezer prods megram,ghost,mikkkeee,caboom,wolf,spiderman
and the rest in the tummy
*** Quits: VoidIndex (Quit: Shit on the Quit...)
we can do this using the /sbin/ifconfig hey freezer
so as root on the router to give ip 192.168.0.1
we'll do /sbin/ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 *** Joins: gUeSt51
*** Joins: hackbitbr
doing this should be add an entry to ur routing
table you can check it typing /sbin/route and should be shown an entry besides loopback (127.0.0.1) *** Joins: H2-0
TarcerT: eth0 it's the ethernet card inteface *** hackbitbr is now known as CoRiNgA
but resuming you now should have a route entry for 192.168.0.0
that will have eth0 as interface *** Quits: Dunceor (Quit: )
if this wan't added you have to add it by youself *** Parts: i1der
to do this you do /sbin/route add 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
dev eth0 *** Quits: mephist0 (Ping timeout)
now you have a working ethernet card with ip and
routing for other hosts on the same network we repeat the process on the 2nd computer but giving
the ip 192.168.0.2 *** Joins: WackC
*** Quits: b0iler (Ping timeout)
we connect both ethernet cards using a RJ-45 entriesand
a crossover cable remember to sue crossover cable when you are doing
a ethernet to ethernet connection sue = use *** Joins: b0iler
*** Joins: zwanderer
*** Quits: _RooTs_ (Ping timeout)
it's now time to test our network *** OperServ sets mode: +o zwanderer
that is if you are connecting 2 nics directly btw...
we just ping one box to the other *** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v zwanderer
Mikkkeee: nm ;)
heh
Megram: yeah..I saied ethernet to ethernet connection no ethernet --> hub/switch--> ethernet not ethernet --> hub/switch--> ethernet like I Was saying we now try to ping each host
and if everything is ok we will receive reply *** Quits: blues (Ping timeout)
*** Joins: Nightshade
if you are connecting more than 2 computers we'll then have something like example 2 *** Joins: crankykid
we have the router connected to a HUB and some
computers connected to the HUB, this can also be a switch but for home networking a HUB is just fine *** Parts: _shady_harrasment_panda-
*** Joins: Obzerver
*** Joins: shady_harrasment_panda
*** ChanServ sets mode: +o shady_harrasment_panda
in this situation you won't use crossover cable,
but just what I think it's called RJ connectable cable (at least this is
the pt translation) Megram: those the cable has any specific name? you would use CAT3 or CAT5 patch cable
ok..thnx for the name input:)
but yeah, a standard RJ45 cable would also be used
to describe it
*** Joins: SteeLe
*** ChanServ sets mode: +o SteeLe
its a renuion :)
*** Joins: muncheese
*** Quits: WackC (Connection reset by peer)
so right now you play with ur connection from one
box to another *** Joins: Apparatus
services like ftp, telnet ssh everything you can
think but for now JUST INSIDE UR NETWORK now as you also know we like to give names to our
boxes..like GhostBox or RunAwayBox or GhostLogger...well those are my boxes..lol *** Quits: Democow (Ping timeout)
*** Joins: blues
still if you try from let's say box 1 telnet to
box2name you won't make it *** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v Apparatus
because box 1 doesn't know the which ip stands for
that name (this is called alias)
so what you have to do is editing a file at /etc/hosts
and add an entry like
192.168.0.2 BOXNAME
192.168.0.2 antoehrname
192.168.0.3 antoehrname
(sorry for the typo again)
just a general hint
and if you want you can also name your network
(network = 192.168.0.0) it is better to have the FQDN first
edit /etc/networks and add an entry 192.168.0.0 the name you want
for the network mikestevens: wanna add something? 24.7.219.28
unixclan.box.sk unixclan
that is a good example
alot of networking software likes the FQDN
first
you can make up a domain name if you like
and use it internally
but mike..u have see that we are working inside
an LAN... well but ok..we can do like BOX.localdomain BOX yes
and well have FQDN 1st yes, that is what is best
but even not putting it it will work (at least
everything works on my lan) I've had barfing problems with that
ok... *** Ghost_Rider sets mode: -m
does all this apply for a wireless network? other
than the cables section of course :-)
ok
essentially
this has come up
FQDN stands for Fully Qualified Domain Name
its the diffrence between www and www.foo.com
*** Quits: blues (Ping timeout)
freeque: if the network is TCP/ip based yes www is the hostname
www.foo.com is the FQDN
proceed
any more questions? freeque, you will probably need a different module
to the ones GR suggested, but they shouldnt be too hard to find
Ghost_Rider: are you god?
lol
*** Joins: Kintege
yes he is
is a crossover cable very different from a regular
UTP cable?
Hehehe
freeque: check the IrDA kernel modules
Cyberwolf, ish
Cyberwolf: Crossover is a diffrent Pin setting
wait
Ghost_Rider - cheers. u know too much m8 ;-)
Cyberwolf, it simply has 1 pair of the wires crossed
over
*** Joins: norton
UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair
k, thanx guys
what is the bnc port of my hub used for?
how the RJ45 cabel loox like?
STP is shielded Twisted Pair
(not the band)
TracerT: a normal cable TracerT: like a phone/ISDN plug
TracerT: with 4 wires in it hehe jimi, the bnc part is for using bnc/thinnet cabling.
that requires different cabling methods, and i suggest using cat3/5 over
bnc
*** Freezer is now known as ]|MooCow|[
oh ok thanks
Cat 5 can do 100Mbit :-)
unless you guys wanna use AUI on ur network:) 2 pari cable
i have q.. realy lame but what does the "cat
x" stand for?
*** Joins: codz
pair
shell, ok....
shellfish, its just used for declaring the capabilities
of the cable. cat 3 is 'category 3', capable of 10mps connections, and
prone to interference
*** Quits: RedShadow (Quit: gtg, bbl)
*** Quits: TracerT (Connection reset by peer)
ShellFish, cat 5 is category 5, is capable of 10/100mps
tranfers, and is less prone to interference
*** Quits: Paya (Quit: Leaving)
ok.. the higher num the better?
There are new emerging types
Cat 5e and Cat 6
* ]|MooCow|[ moo's...lots
which are?
yeah, tho you will only really encounter cat 3/5
in a small home lan
..
fast ethernet
CAT 5E != CAT5
They are types for gigabit ethernet
*** Joins: TracerT
CAT 5E is allmost same as CAT6
I'm not sure if there are standards on it yet
if i may, we may want to move on with the lecture,
unless there are any main outstanding questions
btw guys how come i know that my network
card is detected by linux
the reason im askin is that when we have lan
paries everyone shouts a lot about "cat" and i just dont understand.. but
i do now.. tnx
i'll look it up in webopedia.com
Serial_Killer: i saied that on the 1st part of
the lecture but no prob .
Serial_Killer: is it pci? ok on with the lecture
hhee
mikestevens: Wait..serial has a question.. ok
Serial_Killer: is it pci? i've got rh5.2 and no /etc/networks - how so ?
no yeah
yeah*
it is
Serial_Killer: so cat /proc/pci and look for it ive missed somethink?
*** ]|MooCow|[ is now known as Freezer
TracerT: no still Q&A
Frydo: well rh sometimes just don't create files
that you don't really need.. /etc/networks is just a add on ok...
Frydo: if you create it it will work *** Quits: Sub (Quit: good users don't use colored
quits)
so any other questions? *** Joins: XMulder
one other quick point...
wpw
- it works without it ...
wow
btw im using Fast ethernet Adapter 10/100
MBps PCi
so many ppl what is goin on?
some of you may not know why the example ip GR used
was 192.168.x.x, we will explain that later if anyone needs to know
*** Quits: VoRtex (Quit: )
*** Quits: a|pha[away] (Quit: well... an exit
is really the entrance into something else...)
I have a question if I may... maybe not so related,
I went into /proc/ and looked at pci, I can pico it or cat it, but it shows
that the file is 0 bytes large.. why is this?
Megram: well I saied upthere that it was a private
ip for LAN purposes *** Joins: Devil_Panther
./proc is a virtual filesystem
/proc maps ur memory so....
Ghost_Rider - but u didnt really explain why u
used class C and not A or B :-P
its not acutally a device like /dev devices are
yep, but i can give a bit of history on why that
ip is used if needed
freeque: cos it stands like this
the closest relation would be a pointer in C, and
/dev as a reference
Megram - that would be nice
freeque: well since I was giving an example *** Parts: Balle
but there's nothing that says you can't use class
A or B ok..moving on *** Ghost_Rider sets mode: +m
*** Quits: Grim_Reaper (Quit: Leaving)
I think now this is the most important part of
the lecture it's ip masquerade part *** Joins: Andrei_
ip masquerade is a system a NAT (network address
translation) system now what is this you ask... well like I saied before we were using private
ips the routers on the internet don't know how to route
data for those ips *** Joins: mayfaer
so this means that a computer using 192.168.0.2
ip can't connect to the internet *** Quits: Devil_Panther (Quit: The Devil Panther
will rise again.)
and also because we want that all our network have
internet access but just using like a dial-up so in other words what I'm trying to say is that
with just one computer of the network that is connected to the internet
all your network can have access to the internet using the ip masquerade
capacities *** Quits: nocent (Ping timeout)
*** Quits: jaxler (Ping timeout)
it is a free version of those expensive "personal
routers"
and it's not hard to make it work... you re-compile the kernel of the box that has the
ppp connection adding the IP Masquerade support besides of that you'll need ipchains *** gUeSt51 is now known as Obsidian
*** Quits: Kintege (Quit: )
now with kerne 2.4.x iptables is starting to take over ipchains but since I'm still with kernel 2.2.x i'll talk
what I know in other words ipchains *** Quits: Obzerver (Quit: i ll check the logs)
a single ipchains rule will do the owrk *** Joins: Crash_Gnome
/sbin/ipchains -A forward -s 192.168.0.0/24 -d
| 192.168.0.0/24 -j MASQ /sbin/ipchains -A forward -s 192.168.0.0/24 -d
! 192.168.0.0/24 -j MASQ so any package that comes from 192.168.0.0 network
and don't goes to that network will be masqued in other words will be set to the internet. and your LAN will start being able to access internet (I'll just talk what really masq does) but you also have to do a little configuration
on your clients you have to add a default route and set the box
with ppp connection as gateway *** Quits: nin (Ping timeout)
*** Quits: Nightshade (Ping timeout)
so thinking that our router is 192.168.0.0 *** Quits: Freezer (Quit: The source of our oppression
is the reason for my anarchy)
we do /sbin/route -add 0.0.0.0 gateway 192.168.0.1 *** Joins: Ralph
*** ChanServ sets mode: +o Ralph
now to the important part..what really happens
on our masquerading host like I told you ip masquerading is a NAT System rider will u explain load balancing translation,
where a single ip addy and port is translated to a pool of identical servers
so taht a single pulblic addy can be served by a number of boxes
whao, lotsa people
explaining this in a very simple way.. *** Quits: Caboom (Quit: YAQM - yet another quit
message)
when you send a request from an inside host to
an external ip it will be used ur router as gateway..to make than
connection port X will be used now the masquerading host will get the package check the TO IP: and replace the FROM IP: with
it's own ppp ip and make the connection on port Z now doing all this it will store in a table internal
machine port X port Z *** Joins: Nightshade
now when the masquerading host receives data from
port Z it check the table *** Parts: codz
see it's for machine and on port X so repalces
again TO IP: and puts the internal ip and FROM IP: puts the external ip
we are reaching and sents it to port X sorry about just ignoring you mikkkeee what were
you saying? *** H2-0 is now known as H2-0[Away]
btw I assumed that you already knew it but mikestevens
told me to remind you anyway ip forwarding is disabled by default so you have to enable it ahh i said someting about load balancing translation
if u were going to explain it deepre
er
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward *** Ghost_Rider sets mode: -m
*** Quits: norton (Quit: )
questions about masquerading? somewhere in the datagram
is there writen that out Gateaway is a gateaway
rider are u going to explain some problems with
NAT?
and how he knows, wich packets for where they belong
inside the lan
?
mikestevens: talking about port probs and unreachilbity?
I'll go there in a minute out+our
out=our
I CAN SPEEEK
be back in just a second
s
like the software that encrypts tcp headers info
will not work correctly with NAT cause of tcp info must be accessible to
the ifrewall, stuff like that
Yoooo Woooo
oh if you have 2.4.x and want to do IPMASQ
*** Quits: HardW1r3 (Quit: )
I have a lil script right here
ghost_rider
*** Quits: Ralph (Ping timeout)
sorry....
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
* Nightshade shuts right up
traceT: like i told the gateway sets a table which
is called the masquerade table why they at some places that one should set this
fragmentation option too in addition to forward
on that table will be setted the internal host
that sent the request the port that comunicates to the gateway and the port which the gateway is comunitating
to the remote host *** Quits: Cyberwolf (Ping timeout)
that allows the gateway to know when he receives
a package from where to route it so from outside, if you read the datagram, youl
know that there are some PC in lan, after the gateaway?
TracerT: if you are trying to make the connection
from the outside to get inside you can't..I'll get there in a sec no!
*** Joins: bracaman
if you READ the datagram from outside, can you
know the internel IPs
no
nope *** Mikkkeee sets mode: +v bracaman
TracerT: from the outside you think you are being contact from the masquerading host after that GateAway of ours. Its like a wingate.
right?
because like I told the ips we were using are UNroutable you might have answered this, and it's not even
a very good question, but just out of interest, is there a limit to the
number of computers whose ips you can masquerade?
yes, 65k
OK, so how the gateaway knows wich packet, to where
he belongs, after the packet is recieved from outside?
i think Ghost_Rider is lying...
:)
TracerT, ill explain the details to you in pvt...
*** Joins: Ralph
*** ChanServ sets mode: +o Ralph
not really nat allows an entire class B sized
network to hide behind a single ip addy
10X
not really NAT allows an entire class B sized
network to hide behind a single ip addy
any chance I can do this trick with windows ? not
as a proxy I mean.
so 65,000 or unlimited?
*** Quits: Andrei_ (Quit: BitchX-1.0c18 -- just
do it.)
Actually you can use 10.0.0.0/16
frydo: wingate
errr
form win98 you can do it!
10.0.0.0/8
* freeque confuzzled
*** Joins: binz
not the same, it's a proxy.
: )
is the lecture over?
mikestevens - class b is /16 is it not?
binz: nope well for nt which doens't provide this fuction,
u must use a third party firewall if u want to use NAT. thats for the window
questions
freeque: yeah..class B is /16 btw good lecturer i was enjoying
it but i have to go i fell to sick to stay up
bye ppl
because 2 octects are fixed I corrected myself
above
10.0.0.0/8
nah there is a third part and an suprise lecture
*** Parts: shady_harrasment_panda
so shall we continue? its all yours
yes
*** Ghost_Rider sets mode: +m
can opers speak when the chan is moderated?
yes
:))
ok..so like we were saying ip masquerading is really
cute but it has some problems yup and voice
like if you need someone to connect to a host inside
ur network it can't.. or like if you wanna use ftp or any other protocol that works in a way that the remote host makes
a connection to you it won't work.. well that's not interily true you have the kernel modules to support ftp on active
mode you have kernel modules for real audio for dcc over irc *** Quits: binz (Quit: cya)
and a couple of other services *** Joins: Andrei_
that will work one part of the prob but what about if you really wanna allow ppl like
to login in one of our boxes *** Joins: RedSh
Books
Social Engineering
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http://blacksun.box.sk
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Before I start
this tutorial I would like to say something, This topic is a very talked about
topic, and I have tried my best to include all that I can, If you cant think
of anything better than to flame me for writing this then please don't bother,
if you think you can do better, why dont you write a new tutorial on this and
we'll gladly upload it.
Welcome
to my tutorial. In this text I will try to explain some of the techniques used
while trying to social engineer somebody. This will apply to computer chat,
phone conversation, and also just day to day life.
So
what is social engineering?
Basically, social engineering is the art and science of getting somebody to
comply with your wishes. It is not a form of mind control, it will not allow
you to get people to perform tasks wildly outside their normal behaviour and
it is far from foolproof.
It
also involves a lot more than simply quick thinking and a few selective accents.
Social engineering can involve a lot of groundwork. Like normal hacking, Social
engineering needs prior preparation, and the majority of the work goes into
this, rather than the actual attempt it self.
Social
engineering concentrates on the weakest link of the computer security chain,
humans. It is often said that the only secure computer is an unplugged one,
even this comment is untrue. It is possible that you could talk somebody into
plugging it in and switching it on.
It is also important to note that the human link in the security chain, is the
most important one. There is not one computer system in the world that don't
exist with out human interaction, and unlike a normal exploit, this vulnerability
is universal, independent of platform, software, network or hardware.
Anybody
with access to the system physically or electronically is a possible threat.
This means that even people not normally included in a security policy could
be involved.
It
is impossible to obscure the fact that humans use the system or that they can
influence it, because as I stated before, there isn't a computer system in the
world that does not use human interaction as a part of it.
Almost
every human has the skills to attempt social engineering, the only difference
is the amount of skill used when making use of these tools.
Some
of the tools are going to be explained below here, and we make note that these
are not foolproof skills, and that common sense is the most important tool that
you will ever have.
The
first "skill" and most obvious is simply a direct request, where the
individual is asked to complete your task directly. Although least likely to
succeed, this is the easiest and most straightforward method. The individual
knows exactly what you want them to do.
The
second is to create a fake situation, which the individual is simply a part
of. With more factors than the individual concerned it is more likely that you
will succeed, because you create reasons for compliance other than simply personal
ones. This involves far more work for the person making the attempt at persuasion,
and most certainly involves gaining extensive knowledge of the 'target'. This
also does not mean that the whole social engineering operation needs to be all
lies, the best operation will be one where the facts are more truthful than
lies.
One
of the essential tools used for social engineering is a good memory for gathered
facts. This is something that hackers and sys-admins excel in, especially in
there own field of expertise.
Another
thing that you can use against somebody is the notation of conformity. It is
possible to make somebody to "conform" with the group, even if they
know that the decision is wrong, eg. Have you ever been in an assembly/class
and the teacher asks a question, eg. Who here has smoked before? When the majority
of the class puts their hand up the odd others that haven't tentivally put their
hands up so that they do not get looked down upon by their peers.
That
is just an example of the extent that people will go to just so that they don't
loose face with the friends/ work companions.
Using
situations where the person is more likely to go with the flow is a effective
way to social engineer them.
However
most social engineering attempts are done by lone individuals and so the social
pressure and other influencing factors to be constructed by creating a believable
situation that the target feels emersed in are less effective.
If
the situation, real or imaginary has certain characteristics then the individual
is more likely to comply with your requests. Following this paragraph they are
listed.
Diffusion
of responsibility away from the target individual. This is when the individual
believes that they are not solely responsible for their actions.
A
chance for imagination. Compliance is more likely to occur if the individual
believes that by complying that they are ingratiating themselves with someone
who may give them future benefits. Getting on the good side of the boss is surely
going to have some benefits hey?
Moral
duty. This is where the target complies because they believe that it is there
moral duty to. Part of this is guilt. People prefer to avoid guilty feelings
and so if there is a chance that they will feel guilty they will if possible
avoid this outcome.
On
a personal level there are methods used to make a person more likely to cooperate
with you. The aim of persuasion is not to force people to complete your tasks,
but enhance their voluntary compliance with your requests.
Basically
the target is simply being guided down the garden path,:P. The target believes
that they have control of the situation, and that they are exercising their
power to help you out.
The
fact that the benefits that the person will gain from helping you out have been
invented is irrelevant. The target believes they are making a reasoned decision
to exchange these benefits for a small loss of their time and energy.
CO-OPERATION
There are several factors, which if present will increase the chances of a target
co-operating with a social engineer.
The
less conflict the better. Co-operation will be readily gained when the softly-softly
approach is used. Pulling rank, annoyance or orders rarely work for effective
persuasion.
Psychological
research has also shown that people are more likely to comply with your wishes
if you have dealt with the same person before. Before trying the 'big hit' try
requesting smaller and more reasonable requests. This way they will be more
compliant to your needs.
When
attempting a social engineering hack, the more sensory detail you can provide
to the target is better. A person would be more compliant to your needs if they
can See and smell you as well as speak to you, it is often difficult to get
some one to comply with just a simple phone call. However these days the possibilities
are great because of the fact that so many businesses are on the net. Another
point I am going to make is that it is often impossible to persuade somebody
using ASCII chat or e-mail. Ever tried Social Engineering some one on IRC?
The
main thing I can tell you is don't try Social engineering people with higher
authority than the made up person you are using, for instance, don't try to
Social engineer the sys admin as we all know he's more competent than you are,
Especially on his own network.
Remember
before attempting to social engineer somebody, you have to do some info searching
on that particular person. I have known people to read over people's shoulder
when a person was typing on the phone just to gain knowledge on the targets
lifestyle and friends. Another aspect of what people will go to just to find
out information on people is to watch as they type in their Credit card and
ATM pin numbers. Some even go to the extent as to watch from windows across
the road with binoculars to see these numbers being punched.
Ever
sat in computer class and called to your teacher to type in some sort of password,
which you conveniently watch over his fingers on the keyboard as he punches
in this innocent request. This is the sort of ways social engineering can be
taken into life, I have often used skills described in this tutorial just to
nock down prices on goods at a local market.
When
looking for information on a Target, you want to consider going Dumpster diving,
or trashing as it is sometimes called. On these outings remember to take a sturdy
pair of shoes, gloves and a torch (preferably with red filter), Bolt cutters
may come in handy too! Oh and remember to cover yourself up! In these outings
you can often find employee names, phone numbers, account details, amongst the
mounds of IT treasures.
One
technique to use on a target is to pretend you're an employee of another company
doing surveys for a hardware company, if you choose to follow this line of attack,
have the questions lined up, and make sure you take time as if you were writing
down their reply's.
Any
information gained from these phone calls can be used, Information on the companies
firewalls, routers or servers could be used for further attack on the companies
Website.
So
now you have some of the skills that it takes to become a good social engineer,
but remember like I said at the start of this tutorial, the most important tool
of common sense out weighs any of the skills in this text.
Even
major companies can be social engineered, an example of this is an AOL employee
who was having a Tech support session, during which the hacker mentioned he
had a car for sale, at a very good price, and the techie was interested. Of
course the hacker sent the techie a pic of car, binded to the jpg was a trojan,
which enabled the hacker to get into the internal network.
So
remember anything is possible with the right incentive, you just have to please
the person's senses.
Happy Hunting,
Forbze
Heroes
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